## Facts

- Helen Barrow Berger died on November 1, 1976; her October 18, 1976 will gave her husband, Victor L. Berger, specific property and a life estate in the residuary estate.
- The residuary estate included a second farm, securities, and bank accounts; the will authorized the fiduciary to sell residuary real estate and reinvest proceeds in similar conservative investments.
- On Victor’s death, the residue was to be liquidated and distributed 45% to relatives and 55% to three named charitable organizations.
- By 1982, the parties stipulated that all assets had been collected, all debts, taxes, and specific bequests had been paid, and estate taxes had been paid.
- In 1982, Victor (as executor) sold the second farm and the entity reported a long-term capital gain of $140,650.50 on its 1982 fiduciary income tax return.
- The return claimed a charitable deduction of $30,943.11, computed as 55% of the capital gain reduced by the long-term capital gain deduction, on the theory that 55% of the residue was ultimately designated for charities.
- The Commissioner disallowed the deduction and determined a $15,351.53 income tax deficiency for 1982.
- The matter was submitted on stipulated facts under Tax Court Rule 122.

## Issues

1. Whether, for federal income tax purposes in 1982, the entity was properly treated as an estate or as a trust because the period of administration had ended.
2. Whether any portion of the 1982 capital gain was deductible as a charitable contribution under I.R.C. § 170 or I.R.C. § 642(c) when the charities held remainder interests following a life estate.

## Decision

- The Tax Court held that the period reasonably required for administration had ended before 1982; for 1982 the entity was treated as a trust, not an estate.
- The Tax Court held that no charitable deduction was allowable under § 170 or § 642(c) for the claimed portion of the 1982 capital gain.
- The court sustained the Commissioner’s 1982 deficiency determination.

## Legal Principles

- For federal income tax purposes, an estate terminates when the time actually required to perform ordinary administration duties has ended; if administration is unreasonably prolonged, remaining property is treated as held in trust even if the estate remains open under state law.
- Once ordinary administration tasks (collection of assets; payment of debts, taxes, and specific bequests) are complete, continued holding, investing, and later distributing the residue to life and remainder beneficiaries is trustee-like activity supporting trust classification.
- Charitable deductions by estates and trusts are governed by § 642(c) for amounts of gross income paid for charitable purposes, and (in limited circumstances) amounts permanently set aside for such purposes; § 170 does not provide the operative rule for such fiduciaries on these facts.
- A remainder designation to charities does not satisfy § 642(c) in the year income is realized when the amounts are neither paid to charity in that year nor irrevocably and exclusively committed to charity due to an intervening life interest and other contingencies.
- Trusts subject to post-1969 limitations generally cannot claim a “set aside” deduction merely because income is expected to pass to charity at a later time.

## Conclusion

The Tax Court treated the prolonged administration as ended for income-tax purposes, classified the entity as a trust in 1982, and denied a charitable deduction for capital gain where the charitable beneficiaries held only future remainder interests and the gain was neither paid nor permanently set aside for charity during the tax year.


Estate of Berger v. Commissioner, T.C. Memo. 1990-554 (1990)