## Facts

- A certified class of institutionalized emotionally and mentally handicapped children sued Idaho state officials, alleging constitutionally and statutorily deficient education and health care services.
- The class sought injunctive relief and attorney’s fees and costs under 42 U.S.C. § 1988.
- Shortly before trial, the State offered a comprehensive consent decree providing essentially the requested prospective relief, but only if plaintiffs waived all claims for attorney’s fees and costs.
- The plaintiffs accepted the settlement, and the district court approved the consent decree in the class action.
- After approval, class counsel moved for attorney’s fees; the district court denied the request as barred by the settlement’s express waiver.
- The Ninth Circuit invalidated the fee waiver and remanded for a reasonable-fee determination.
- The Supreme Court granted certiorari to review whether § 1988 and Rule 23(e) allowed approval of a settlement conditioned on a complete fee waiver.

## Issues

1. Whether 42 U.S.C. § 1988 prevents a prevailing party from waiving eligibility for attorney’s fees as part of a consent-decree settlement that grants prospective relief but provides that the defendant will pay no fees or costs.
2. Whether a district court abuses its discretion under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) by approving a class action settlement that includes a complete waiver of attorney’s fees.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed the Ninth Circuit and upheld enforcement of the fee-waiver provision.
- The Court held that § 1988 does not bar parties from waiving statutory eligibility for attorney’s fees in settlement.
- The Court held that a district court has discretion to approve a class settlement containing a complete fee waiver and did not abuse that discretion on the record presented.
- The Court rejected a categorical rule prohibiting fee waivers in exchange for class-wide relief, emphasizing case-by-case evaluation of settlement fairness.

## Legal Principles

- Section 1988 confers statutory eligibility for a discretionary fee award to a prevailing party; it does not create a nonwaivable entitlement to fees.
- Neither the text nor the legislative history of § 1988 forbids negotiated waiver of fees as part of a comprehensive settlement resolving the merits.
- A class settlement under Rule 23(e) must be assessed for overall fairness, reasonableness, and adequacy; Rule 23(e) does not automatically invalidate an attorney’s-fee waiver.
- District courts may approve fee-waiver settlements when, considering the entire agreement, the relief to the class is adequate and the settlement is fair.
- The possibility that fee waivers could affect incentives or bargaining does not justify a blanket prohibition; the supervising court’s settlement-approval role addresses such concerns in context.

## Conclusion

The Court held that civil rights plaintiffs may waive § 1988 attorney’s fees in exchange for settlement relief and that, in a class action, a district court may approve a consent decree conditioned on a complete fee waiver when the settlement is fair and adequate to the class.


Evans v. Jeff D., 475 U.S. 717 (1986)