## Facts

- Linden Research, Inc. operated *Second Life*, an online virtual world where users bought and sold virtual land, virtual items, and in-world currency (“Lindens”) that could be exchanged for U.S. dollars.
- Linden stored virtual land and items on its servers and governed user access through a Terms of Service (TOS).
- Plaintiffs (users) alleged Linden marketed *Second Life* as “imagined, created, and owned by its residents,” leading users to believe they owned virtual land and assets.
- After 2007, Linden removed “owned” language from marketing materials and, in 2010, amended the TOS to characterize virtual land as licensed and to assert broad rights to control accounts, land, and content.
- Users had to accept the amended TOS to continue using the service.
- Plaintiffs alleged Linden later suspended or terminated accounts, effectively depriving them of Lindens, U.S.-dollar balances, virtual land, and virtual items without compensation.
- Plaintiffs sought class treatment for multiple groups of users asserting contract, consumer-protection, and related theories tied to alleged “virtual property” ownership and confiscation.

## Issues

1. Whether proposed classes and subclasses satisfied Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(a) and Rule 23(b)(3) for claims arising from Second Life TOS changes and alleged account/asset confiscations.
2. Whether common questions about standardized representations, form TOS provisions, and uniform platform practices predominated over individualized questions such as reliance, causation, and damages.
3. Whether the proposed class definitions were administrable and objectively ascertainable based on available records.

## Decision

- The court granted class certification in part and denied it in part.
- The court certified one narrower subclass tied to objectively identifiable users whose accounts or virtual land were allegedly confiscated or terminated in a standardized manner after the TOS changes.
- The court denied certification for broader proposed subclasses, finding that individualized issues (including what representations each user saw, reliance, causation, and valuation of virtual assets) defeated Rule 23(b)(3) predominance and/or made the class definitions insufficiently administrable.
- The order did not decide the ultimate merits of whether users possessed real-world property rights in virtual land or items.

## Legal Principles

- A party seeking class certification bears the burden to satisfy Rule 23(a) (numerosity, commonality, typicality, adequacy) and, for a damages class, Rule 23(b)(3) (predominance and superiority).
- Class certification requires a “rigorous analysis,” which may overlap with merits-related questions, without resolving ultimate liability.
- Commonality is more readily shown where claims turn on standardized documents (such as a uniform TOS) and platform-wide conduct.
- Predominance is not met where liability depends on individualized proof of exposure to statements, reliance, causation, or individualized damages valuation.
- Ascertainability and administrability are stronger where class membership can be identified through objective criteria and business records (such as account, land, and termination logs), and weaker where membership depends on subjective states (such as “reliance”).

## Conclusion

The court allowed limited class treatment for a narrowly defined group of users allegedly subject to standardized account or land confiscation after TOS changes, but refused to certify broader subclasses because individualized issues—especially reliance and damages—would dominate and because some proposed class definitions were not objectively workable.


Evans v. Linden Research, Inc., No. C-11-01078 DMR, 2012 WL 5877579 (N.D. Cal. Nov. 20, 2012)