## Facts

- Exxon owned and operated the oil tanker *Exxon Houston*, which was unloading oil while moored to a single-point mooring (SPM) system off Hawaii.
- The SPM system and related equipment were owned, operated, and/or manufactured by Sofec and other respondents.
- During heavy weather, the tanker “broke out” from the mooring system and associated hoses.
- After the breakout, the tanker’s captain made a series of navigational decisions over several hours while attempting to maneuver to safety.
- The tanker ultimately ran aground and was lost.
- Exxon sued respondents in admiralty, alleging negligence and breach of warranty related to the SPM system and its operation, claiming those defects or failures caused the breakout and the vessel’s loss.

## Issues

1. Whether the doctrines of proximate cause and superseding cause remain applicable in admiralty after adoption of comparative fault.
2. Whether a plaintiff found to be the superseding and sole proximate cause of its own injury may recover partial damages from others whose conduct was only a cause in fact.
3. Whether the district court clearly erred in finding the captain’s post-breakout navigation was “extraordinary negligence” and the sole proximate cause of the grounding.
4. Whether the district court abused its discretion or denied due process by bifurcating the trial to decide superseding/sole proximate cause first.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed the Ninth Circuit’s judgment for respondents.
- Proximate cause and superseding cause remain part of admiralty law notwithstanding comparative fault.
- Comparative fault allocates damages only among parties whose conduct is a proximate (legal) cause of the injury.
- Because Exxon’s captain’s post-breakout conduct was found to be the superseding and sole proximate cause of the grounding, Exxon could not recover from respondents even if their acts were factual causes of the breakout.
- The district court’s causation findings were not clearly erroneous.
- The district court did not abuse its discretion by bifurcating the trial, and its disposition of Exxon’s warranty theories was proper given the proximate-cause finding.

## Legal Principles

- Admiralty comparative fault does not eliminate the threshold requirement of proximate (legal) causation.
- Superseding cause remains a limiting doctrine in admiralty that can cut off liability for earlier acts that are causes in fact but not legal causes of the injury.
- A plaintiff that is the superseding and thus sole proximate cause of its own injury cannot recover damages from other actors whose wrongdoing is only a factual cause.
- Trial courts may bifurcate issues such as proximate cause when doing so is efficient and does not deny a fair opportunity to litigate the controlling question.
- Legal causation principles may bar recovery on warranty theories where the plaintiff’s conduct is found to be the sole proximate cause of the loss.

## Conclusion

The Court held that comparative fault in admiralty does not displace proximate-cause limits on liability: when the plaintiff’s own extraordinary negligence constitutes a superseding, sole proximate cause of the injury, the plaintiff takes nothing from parties whose conduct was merely a cause in fact, and a court may resolve that controlling causation issue through bifurcation.


Exxon Co., U.S.A. v. Sofec, Inc., 517 U.S. 830 (1996)