## Facts

- Mrs. Farraj underwent prenatal testing at King's Healthcare NHS Trust to determine if her unborn child had thalassemia, a genetic disorder.
- The NHS Trust outsourced the analysis of the prenatal test to an independent laboratory.
- The independent laboratory allegedly misinterpreted the test results, resulting in the birth of a child with severe thalassemia.
- Mrs. Farraj brought a clinical negligence claim against the NHS Trust, arguing it was liable for the laboratory's negligence.
- The court examined the contractual arrangements between the Trust and the laboratory, the degree of control exercised by the Trust, and whether the laboratory’s work was essential to the Trust’s operations.

## Issues

1. Whether the NHS Trust owed a non-delegable duty to ensure the accuracy of the prenatal test results provided by the independent laboratory.
2. Whether the NHS Trust could be vicariously liable for the negligent acts of the independent laboratory.
3. Whether the relationship and the degree of control between the Trust and the laboratory were sufficient to impose liability on the Trust for the laboratory’s actions.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeal rejected the argument that the NHS Trust owed a non-delegable duty regarding the accuracy of the test results.
- It was held that non-delegable duties are exceptional and generally arise only in situations involving a high degree of control or dependency, which was not present in this case.
- The court found that vicarious liability does not typically extend to independent contractors; the laboratory was an autonomous entity and not under the Trust’s direct control.
- No liability was imposed on the NHS Trust for the independent laboratory’s alleged negligence.

## Legal Principles

- Vicarious liability ordinarily applies to acts of employees, not independent contractors.
- Non-delegable duties are rare and arise only where there is a special responsibility, such as high control or dependency.
- The distinction between employees and independent contractors, as well as between core and ancillary functions, is central to determining liability.
- The nature of the contractual relationship, the degree of control, and the essential character of the contracted function are fundamental considerations in assessing liability.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeal concluded that the NHS Trust was not liable for the actions of the independent laboratory, reaffirming that liability for independent contractors performing essential duties is limited in the absence of exceptional circumstances involving control or dependency. This case clarifies the legal boundaries between vicarious liability and non-delegable duties for organizations engaging independent contractors.


Farraj v King's Healthcare NHS Trust [2009] EWCA Civ 1203