## Facts

- Teresa Fernández de Bobadilla, a Spanish national with a diploma in conservation and restoration of cultural property obtained in Spain, applied for a post at the Museo Nacional del Prado involving restoration of easel paintings.
- The Museo del Prado refused her application, arguing her qualification was not equivalent to the specialized requirements for restoration work specific to the Prado’s collection.
- The case centered on whether a Member State can refuse recognition of professional qualifications awarded in another Member State for a culturally significant employment position.
- The employing institution claimed the position necessitated specialized knowledge of the national collection and techniques not covered by the applicant's diploma.

## Issues

1. Whether a Member State may refuse to recognize professional qualifications obtained in another Member State for cultural employment on the grounds of non-equivalence.
2. What criteria must be used to assess the equivalence of foreign professional qualifications with national requirements, particularly in the cultural sector.
3. Under what circumstances a derogation from mutual recognition may be justified to protect national cultural heritage.

## Decision

- The ECJ confirmed that Member States may define the specific knowledge and skills required for particular roles, including those in the cultural sector, but this right is limited by the principle of mutual recognition of qualifications.
- A Member State cannot automatically refuse a foreign qualification due to differences in educational content; it must assess whether the qualification’s knowledge and skills are overall equivalent to national requirements.
- The assessment should consider the nature, level, theoretical knowledge, practical training, and professional experience attested by the qualification.
- Derogation from mutual recognition may be permitted only in exceptional cases, justified by objective criteria genuinely linked to the protection of national cultural heritage.
- Any justification for refusal must relate to specific characteristics of the relevant cultural post and not to generalized cultural differences.

## Legal Principles

- The mutual recognition of professional qualifications must apply even in the cultural sector, requiring careful analysis of equivalence rather than formalistic comparison of qualifications.
- Member States retain discretion to define role-specific requirements, but these must not be deployed arbitrarily to hinder the free movement of workers.
- Derogations permitting refusal of recognition for reasons of national cultural heritage must be interpreted strictly and established on objective, concrete grounds.
- The overall nature and professional content of foreign qualifications, including practical and theoretical components, must be evaluated in any equivalence assessment.

## Conclusion

The judgment in Fernández de Bobadilla v Museo Prado establishes that mutual recognition of professional qualifications applies to culturally significant posts, and any refusal or derogation must be justified by concrete, objective factors directly linked to the protection of national cultural heritage, ensuring that restrictions on free movement are not arbitrary or disproportionate.

Fernández de Bobadilla v Museo Prado (Case C-234/97) [1999] ECR I-4773