## Facts

- William Gasperini, a journalist and photographer, loaned 300 original slide transparencies to Center for Humanities, Inc. for use in an educational videotape, with the understanding they would be returned.
- The Center lost the transparencies and conceded liability.
- Gasperini sued in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York under diversity jurisdiction; the only issue tried was damages under New York law.
- A jury awarded $450,000 in compensatory damages, based on testimony valuing each transparency at $1,500.
- The Center moved for a new trial on the ground that the verdict was excessive; the district court denied the motion without explanation.
- On appeal, the Second Circuit applied New York CPLR § 5501(c)’s “deviates materially from what would be reasonable compensation” standard, found the award excessive, and ordered a new trial unless Gasperini accepted a remittitur to $100,000.
- The Supreme Court granted review to address how a state damages-review standard operates in federal diversity litigation consistent with the Seventh Amendment.

## Issues

1. In a federal diversity case, must the court apply New York’s CPLR § 5501(c) “deviates materially” standard rather than the traditional federal “shocks the conscience” test when reviewing the excessiveness of a jury award?
2. Does application of CPLR § 5501(c) by a federal court of appeals to reassess the size of a jury verdict violate the Seventh Amendment’s Reexamination Clause?
3. If the state standard applies, which federal court should apply it in the first instance, and what is the proper scope of appellate review?

## Decision

- The Court held that New York’s CPLR § 5501(c) standard governing excessiveness of damages applies in federal diversity actions.
- To avoid Seventh Amendment concerns, the federal district judge must apply the “deviates materially” standard in the first instance on a new-trial/remittitur motion.
- A federal court of appeals may review the district court’s application of that standard only for abuse of discretion.
- The Court vacated the Second Circuit’s judgment and remanded for the district court to apply CPLR § 5501(c).

## Legal Principles

- Under Erie, a federal court sitting in diversity must apply state law that substantively controls the permissible level of damages to prevent materially different outcomes between state and federal courts, reducing forum shopping and unequal treatment.
- A state rule that functions as substantive control over compensation may apply in federal court even if state law assigns its application to state appellate courts.
- The Seventh Amendment limits federal appellate reexamination of jury-determined facts; more searching appellate reassessment of damages is constrained.
- Federal courts may implement a state substantive damages-review standard by allocating its application to the district court, with appellate oversight confined to abuse-of-discretion review.

## Conclusion

The Court required federal diversity courts to apply New York’s “deviates materially” excessiveness standard while preserving the Seventh Amendment by placing primary responsibility on the district judge and limiting appellate review to abuse of discretion.


Gasperini v. Ctr. for Humanities, Inc., 518 U.S. 415 (1996)