## Facts

- Douglas Hereford Ranch, Inc. owned ranch property in Wibaux County, Montana, and Pard Cattle Company leased the land.
- Cleone Elizabeth Douglas arranged for her granddaughter, Chris Ann Douglas, to paint the interior of a ranch house (“new house”); Barbara Gentry agreed to help.
- On November 5, 1994, Chris Ann’s husband, Brent Bacon, drove to the ranch intending to start a furnace and then hunt deer on the property.
- Bacon brought his own Marlin .30-30 lever-action rifle in his personal vehicle; on the way, he loaded the rifle and fired a shot at a fox.
- At the ranch, Bacon walked toward the house with the rifle; Barbara came outside toward his pickup to retrieve a radio.
- As Bacon climbed the wooden steps to the deck, he stumbled and the rifle discharged, killing Barbara.
- The plaintiff alleged the steps/approach were hazardous due to debris (e.g., drain pipe, wires, rocks) and an unstable bottom step, which allegedly caused or contributed to Bacon’s stumble.
- Bacon testified he did not know what caused him to stumble and did not attribute the stumble to any defect in the steps or surrounding area.

## Issues

1. Whether the corporate defendants could be liable in negligence for a dangerous condition on the premises when the plaintiff produced no evidence that the condition caused the stumble and resulting death.
2. Whether Douglas Hereford Ranch, Inc. could be vicariously liable for Bacon’s alleged negligence under respondeat superior.

## Decision

- The Montana Supreme Court affirmed summary judgment for Douglas Hereford Ranch, Inc. and Pard Cattle Company.
- The court held the plaintiff failed to present evidence permitting a reasonable inference that any premises condition attributable to defendants was a cause in fact of Barbara Gentry’s death.
- The court held Douglas Hereford Ranch, Inc. was not vicariously liable because Bacon was not acting within the scope of any employment or agency relationship at the time of the shooting.

## Legal Principles

- Negligence liability requires proof of causation, including cause in fact and proximate cause; speculation about causation is insufficient to reach a jury.
- A plaintiff must produce evidence from which a factfinder can reasonably infer that the defendant’s negligent conduct or premises condition was a cause in fact of the injury.
- Where the mechanism of injury (here, the cause of a stumble) cannot be linked by evidence to an alleged dangerous condition, summary judgment is proper.
- Respondeat superior applies only when the tortfeasor is an employee/agent acting within the scope of employment; personal pursuits generally fall outside that scope.

## Conclusion

The court affirmed summary judgment because the record did not support a reasonable inference that any alleged defect in the steps or surrounding area caused the stumble that led to the fatal discharge, and the ranch owner could not be held vicariously liable where the shooter’s actions were personal and outside any scope of employment.


Gentry v. Douglas Hereford Ranch, Inc., 290 Mont. 126, 962 P.2d 1205 (Mont. 1998)