## Facts

- Ghana Supply Commission (GSC), a government-controlled entity acting on behalf of the Republic of Ghana, sued New England Power Company (NEPCO) to recover unpaid amounts allegedly owed for fuel oil transactions and alleged conversion of oil.
- Before the U.S. suit was filed, Ghana’s government formed a committee to investigate outstanding payments relating to the same transactions.
- In federal discovery, NEPCO sought documents and testimony connected to the Ghanaian committee’s investigation, including reports and related communications under GSC’s or Ghanaian officials’ control.
- Ghana, acting through GSC and its officials, refused production by asserting a governmental “executive privilege” based on confidentiality of internal governmental processes and deliberations.
- NEPCO argued the committee materials were central to the merits and necessary to defend the case under the Federal Rules’ broad discovery standards.

## Issues

1. Whether a foreign sovereign (or its instrumentality) that files suit in U.S. federal court may invoke an “executive” or governmental privilege to withhold internal investigative materials from discovery.
2. If any such privilege is recognized, whether it can bar discovery where the materials are highly relevant to the transaction the sovereign has put in issue, and what limits or conditions should apply.

## Decision

- The court rejected Ghana’s broad assertion of executive privilege as a complete bar to discovery.
- The court granted NEPCO’s motion to compel production of the committee-related materials to the extent necessary for fair adjudication.
- The court indicated that confidentiality concerns could be addressed through tailored protective measures rather than categorical nondisclosure.

## Legal Principles

- A foreign sovereign or its instrumentality that voluntarily appears as a civil plaintiff in U.S. court is generally subject to ordinary discovery obligations under the Federal Rules of Civil Procedure.
- Claims of foreign governmental secrecy in discovery are not absolute; the court balances comity and confidentiality interests against the opposing party’s need for relevant evidence.
- When requested materials are highly relevant and important to resolving claims the sovereign has placed in controversy, broad privilege claims must yield to ensure fairness in the adversary process.
- Protective orders under Rule 26(c) and limited disclosure techniques (e.g., restricted access, use limitations, targeted redactions) are preferred tools to manage legitimate sensitivity concerns.

## Conclusion

The court compelled production of Ghanaian governmental investigative materials because Ghana, proceeding through a government-controlled plaintiff, could not use a sweeping executive-privilege theory to withhold evidence central to the dispute; any legitimate confidentiality concerns were to be managed through protective conditions rather than nondisclosure.


Ghana Supply Comm’n v. New England Power Co., 83 F.R.D. 586 (D. Mass. 1979)