## Facts

- Jennifer Mangel, a six-year-old kindergarten student at Nachman Elementary School, attended a school field trip with her class to the “Parents’ Park” at Pinecrest State School.
- Parents’ Park was owned and operated by the State of Louisiana, Department of Health and Human Resources (DHHR).
- Approximately 78 kindergarten students participated in the trip, supervised by three full-time teachers and 11 parent chaperones.
- The park covered about one and a half acres and contained roughly 100 pieces of playground equipment, including 47 swings.
- One type of swing was a heavy (about 60-pound) metal two-person swing with seats set at adult height, suspended by steel straps from posts anchored in concrete.
- For two weeks before the trip, teachers instructed students not to run in front of swings or push them; the warnings were repeated before departure and again during a walking tour at the park.
- Because the two-person swing seats were too high for kindergarteners to use without assistance, children could not effectively swing on them unless someone pushed.
- During the outing, Mangel pushed a friend on a two-person swing and was struck in the hip when the swing returned.
- The impact permanently damaged Mangel’s hip/leg growth plate, resulting in lasting impairment.
- Nancy Colette Glankler, Mangel’s mother, sued the Rapides Parish School Board, the School Board’s insurer (Audubon Insurance Company), and DHHR for the child’s injuries and the mother’s loss of consortium.
- After a bench trial, the court found both the School Board and DHHR at fault, awarded substantial general and special damages to Mangel, and awarded Glankler damages for loss of consortium; the judgment also addressed statutory limits on recovery against public entities.
- The defendants appealed to the Louisiana Third Circuit Court of Appeal, challenging liability findings, fault allocation, the size of the awards, and the application of statutory damage limitations.

## Issues

1. Whether the Rapides Parish School Board breached its duty to reasonably supervise kindergarten students during a field trip to a large playground with known hazards.
2. Whether DHHR, as custodian of Parents’ Park, was liable for maintaining an unreasonably dangerous condition by providing heavy, adult-height two-person swings in a playground used by small children.
3. Whether the presence of parent chaperones satisfied, reduced, or substituted for the School Board’s supervision duties.
4. Whether the trial court clearly erred in causation findings and in allocating comparative fault between the School Board and DHHR.
5. Whether the damages awarded were excessive and how Louisiana’s statutory limits on tort recovery against governmental defendants applied, including their effect on a parent’s loss-of-consortium award and on DHHR’s exposure.

## Decision

- The court upheld the trial court’s finding that the School Board failed to provide reasonable supervision for a large group of kindergarten students in a setting with obvious risks, even though warnings were repeatedly given.
- The court upheld the finding that DHHR bore responsibility as premises custodian for a playground condition the court deemed unreasonably hazardous for foreseeable child use, given the swing’s weight, configuration, and placement in a children’s play area.
- The court affirmed the determination that both defendants’ conduct contributed to the accident and reviewed the comparative-fault allocation under a deferential standard; the judgment was amended to the extent necessary to conform the allocation and resulting recovery to the appellate court’s conclusions.
- The court reviewed the size and categories of damages in light of the serious, permanent injury and amended the judgment as required by the statutory limits governing governmental tort liability.
- The court addressed the applicability of the governmental damage-limitation statute(s) to the School Board, DHHR, and the mother’s loss-of-consortium claim, modifying the judgment where the trial court’s treatment of those limits did not match the governing law.

## Legal Principles

- School boards are not insurers of student safety, but they must provide supervision that is reasonable in light of the students’ age, the activity, and the risk level of the setting.
- Repeated warnings do not necessarily satisfy the duty of supervision when the setting and the children’s age make unsafe conduct foreseeable and preventable through closer oversight or better controls.
- Parent volunteers may assist supervision, but a school board cannot treat parent chaperones as a complete substitute for the school’s legal duty to supervise students.
- A premises owner/custodian may be liable when playground equipment, by its design and placement, creates an unreasonable risk of harm to foreseeable users (including young children) and reasonable precautions are not taken.
- Comparative-fault allocations and related causation findings are reviewed for manifest error/clear error and are not disturbed when supported by the record.
- Louisiana statutory limits on tort recovery against the state and political subdivisions can restrict the amount recoverable for injuries arising from the occurrence, and appellate courts may amend judgments to ensure statutory limits are correctly applied to the parties and claims involved.

## Conclusion

In *Glankler v. Rapides Parish School Board*, the Louisiana Third Circuit addressed a kindergarten student’s permanent hip injury caused by a heavy two-person swing during a supervised field trip to a state-operated playground, upheld liability findings against both the School Board (for inadequate supervision) and DHHR (for an unreasonably dangerous playground condition), reviewed comparative fault and the damage awards under deferential standards, and amended the judgment as needed to correctly apply Louisiana’s statutory limits on governmental tort liability, including their effect on the recoverable amounts for the child’s injuries and the mother’s consortium claim.


Glankler v. Rapides Parish School Board, 610 So. 2d 1020 (1992)