## Facts

- Phyllis Gray, an Illinois resident, was injured in Illinois when a hot-water heater exploded in her home.
- The heater was assembled and sold by American Radiator (a Pennsylvania corporation).
- The heater incorporated a safety valve manufactured by Titan Valve Manufacturing Company (an Ohio corporation).
- Titan sold completed valves to American Radiator outside Illinois; Titan had no Illinois office, agents, or direct sales.
- Gray sued American Radiator and Titan in Illinois, alleging Titan negligently constructed the safety valve and that negligence proximately caused her injuries.
- Titan was served in Ohio under Illinois substituted service provisions; Titan specially appeared and moved to quash service and dismiss for lack of personal jurisdiction.
- American Radiator filed a cross-claim against Titan seeking indemnity and warranty-based relief if American Radiator were held liable to Gray.
- The trial court quashed service on Titan and dismissed both Gray’s claim against Titan and American Radiator’s cross-claim.

## Issues

1. Whether, under Illinois’ long-arm statute, a nonresident component manufacturer “commits a tortious act within” Illinois when the alleged defect arises out of state but the injury occurs in Illinois.
2. Whether exercising personal jurisdiction over the nonresident manufacturer on these facts satisfies due process under the Fourteenth Amendment.

## Decision

- The Illinois Supreme Court reversed and remanded.
- The court held the long-arm statute applied because the injury in Illinois was a required element of the alleged tort, making the “tortious act” occur in Illinois for statutory purposes.
- The court held due process permitted jurisdiction because Titan’s sale of valves for incorporation into water heaters distributed into multiple states created a sufficient connection with Illinois when the product caused injury there.
- The court reinstated Gray’s claim against Titan and American Radiator’s cross-claim for further proceedings.

## Legal Principles

- For a long-arm provision authorizing jurisdiction over one who commits a “tortious act within” the state, the statutory requirement can be met where the injury occurs in the forum, even if the defendant’s manufacturing and sale occurred elsewhere.
- Due process allows specific personal jurisdiction when the defendant’s act or transaction has a substantial connection with the forum and litigation arises from an in-forum injury caused by the defendant’s product.
- A manufacturer that places a component into the distribution chain with awareness it will be incorporated into products sold in many states may be required to defend where the component causes injury, consistent with “fair play and substantial justice.”
- In assessing fairness, courts may consider the forum’s interest in providing a remedy for in-state injuries, the convenience of litigating where the injury occurred, the likely location of witnesses and evidence concerning damages, and the applicability of forum law.

## Conclusion

Illinois could assert personal jurisdiction over an out-of-state component manufacturer under its long-arm statute when the alleged defect caused injury in Illinois, and doing so comported with due process because the manufacturer’s participation in interstate distribution made litigation in Illinois a fair and reasonable consequence of the in-state injury.


Gray v. American Radiator & Standard Sanitary Corp., 22 Ill. 2d 432, 176 N.E.2d 761 (Ill. 1961)