## Facts

- Timothy G. Morgan was indicted in New York for first-degree murder.
- On advice of counsel and by agreement with the prosecution, Morgan pleaded guilty to second-degree murder and was sentenced.
- Morgan later sought to vacate the conviction, asserting his guilty plea was involuntary.
- After losing in state court, Morgan filed a federal habeas petition claiming he had not been told that intent to cause death was an element of second-degree murder.
- The federal district court held an evidentiary hearing, including testimony from Morgan and his original counsel and psychological information indicating Morgan had substantially below-average intelligence.
- The district court found that neither defense counsel nor the trial court advised Morgan that intent to cause death was an essential element of second-degree murder, held the plea involuntary, and set the conviction aside.
- The Second Circuit affirmed, and the Supreme Court granted certiorari.

## Issues

1. Whether due process permits acceptance of a guilty plea to second-degree murder when the defendant was not informed that intent to cause death is an element of the offense.
2. Whether a plea can be treated as a knowing and voluntary admission of an element that was not explained and was not otherwise established by stipulation or the defendant’s statements.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed the judgment setting aside the conviction.
- The Court held Morgan’s guilty plea was involuntary and constitutionally invalid because he lacked adequate notice of the nature of the charge, specifically the intent-to-kill element.
- The Court accepted the district court’s factual finding that Morgan had not been advised by counsel or the state court about the intent element, concluding the finding was not clearly erroneous.
- The Court found no basis in the record to treat the plea as an implied admission of intent: counsel did not stipulate to intent or explain that the plea admitted it, and Morgan made no factual statement necessarily implying intent.

## Legal Principles

- Due process requires “real notice of the true nature of the charge” before a guilty plea can be deemed a knowing and intelligent admission.
- A guilty plea is constitutionally invalid when the defendant is unaware of a critical element of the offense and the record does not otherwise show understanding of that element.
- A plea operates as both a waiver of trial rights and an admission of the offense’s factual elements; that waiver and admission must be knowing and intelligent.
- When a trial record lacks an explanation of an essential element and lacks a factual basis or stipulation establishing the defendant’s awareness of that element, a court cannot treat the plea as voluntary.

## Conclusion

Because Morgan was not informed that intent to cause death was an element of second-degree murder and nothing in the record established his understanding or admission of that element, his guilty plea did not satisfy due process and could not support a valid conviction.


Henderson v. Morgan, 426 U.S. 637 (1976)