## Facts

- Hi-Fert Pty Ltd (consignee) and Western Bulk Carriers (Australia) Ltd (WBC) entered a 1993 contract of affreightment for shipment of fertilizer to Newcastle, Australia.
- WBC time-chartered the vessel *Kiukiang Career* from Kiukiang Maritime Carriers Inc (KMC) to perform the relevant voyage.
- During negotiation of a 1996 addendum, WBC allegedly made representations in Australia about the vessel hold-cleaning and inspection system.
- Bills of lading for the cargo from Cargill Fertilizer Inc to Hi-Fert were issued by KMC.
- The charter contract contained a clause requiring London arbitration under English law for “any dispute arising from this charter,” extending to bills of lading issued under it.
- Hi-Fert and Cargill sued KMC and WBC in the Federal Court of Australia alleging, among other things, cargo-related contractual and negligence claims and misleading or deceptive conduct under Trade Practices Act 1974 (Cth) s 52 (with damages sought under s 82).
- KMC and WBC sought a stay under International Arbitration Act 1974 (Cth) (IAA) s 7(2) to compel arbitration in London; the applicants resisted, arguing the statutory claims and some carriage claims should proceed in Australia.

## Issues

1. Whether “any dispute arising from this charter” covered related tort claims and statutory misleading or deceptive conduct claims connected to negotiation or performance of the charter.
2. Whether Trade Practices Act s 52/s 82 claims could fall within IAA s 7(2) so as to require a stay in favor of arbitration.
3. Whether Carriage of Goods by Sea Act 1991 (Cth) (COGSA) s 11(2) rendered the foreign arbitration/choice-of-law clause void or inoperative for disputes concerning carriage to or from Australia, particularly bill of lading claims.
4. Whether IAA s 7(2) was constitutionally invalid as an impermissible interference with judicial power.
5. Whether the proceeding should be stayed on forum non conveniens as the Federal Court being a clearly inappropriate forum.

## Decision

- The Full Court held the arbitration clause should be construed broadly; disputes with a sufficiently close connection to the charter relationship could “arise from” the charter even if pleaded in tort or statute.
- The court held Trade Practices Act claims were not automatically excluded from arbitration and could be stayed under IAA s 7(2) if within the clause’s scope.
- The court held COGSA s 11(2) restricted enforcement of foreign arbitration/jurisdiction arrangements insofar as they would oust Australian jurisdiction in respect of COGSA-governed bill of lading disputes, but did not nullify the arbitration agreement for all charter-party disputes.
- The court upheld the constitutional validity of IAA s 7(2), characterizing it as a statutory direction to stay proceedings when prerequisites are met, not a conferral of judicial power on arbitrators.
- The court rejected a broad discretionary stay on forum non conveniens; the Federal Court was not clearly inappropriate given the Australian conduct, parties, and statutory context.
- The result was a partial stay: arbitrable matters proceeded to London arbitration to the extent required by IAA s 7(2), while claims limited by COGSA or otherwise outside effective scope remained in the Federal Court.

## Legal Principles

- Arbitration clauses using “arising from” language are construed liberally to capture disputes closely connected to the contractual relationship, including related tort and statutory claims.
- Statutory misleading or deceptive conduct claims may be arbitrable where the statute does not prohibit arbitration and the claim falls within the scope of the arbitration agreement.
- Mandatory carriage-of-goods legislation can limit the effectiveness of foreign arbitration/jurisdiction clauses for COGSA-governed bills of lading where such clauses would oust Australian jurisdiction or statutory protections.
- A statutory stay mechanism implementing international arbitration obligations (IAA s 7(2)) can validly require a court to stay proceedings without impermissibly transferring judicial power to arbitrators.
- Existence of a foreign arbitration clause does not, by itself, make an Australian court a clearly inappropriate forum for non-arbitrable or statutorily protected claims with strong domestic connections.

## Conclusion

The Full Court enforced the London arbitration clause broadly and stayed claims within its scope under the IAA, while recognizing that COGSA curtailed enforcement for certain bill of lading disputes and that Australian statutory connections justified retaining non-arbitrable aspects in the Federal Court; it also rejected constitutional and general forum objections to the stay regime.


Hi-Fert Pty Ltd v. Kiukiang Mar. Carriers Inc. (The Kiukiang Career), 90 F.C.R. 1 (Fed. Ct. Aust. 1998)