## Facts

- Jim Johnson operated a dealership that sold high-end used vehicles and drove a 1995 Mercedes S320 as his personal vehicle for about two years.
- In May 2003, Johnson experienced an air-conditioning problem and had a mechanic use a special sealant as a fix; he may also have added Freon.
- In January 2005, Johnson sold the Mercedes to Merle Hodges and his wife for $17,020; the car had about 135,000 miles.
- The Hodgeses did not know about the 2003 air-conditioning repair and sealant.
- At the sale, Johnson described the Mercedes as a “nice car in good condition” and, according to Dr. Hodges, “pretty much a perfect car.”
- The parties did not discuss whether the air conditioner (or other systems) was working at the time of sale.
- About a month after purchase, Dr. Hodges noticed the vents were not circulating cool air and there was a strange smell.
- Over the next two months, the Hodgeses’ mechanic added Freon twice, but the air conditioner continued to fail.
- In May 2005, the air conditioner failed again; the mechanic stated that major replacements were needed, estimated at $3,000 to $4,000.
- The Hodgeses learned the earlier sealant complicated the current repairs; Johnson refused to pay.
- The Hodgeses sued. The trial court found Johnson breached the implied warranty of merchantability and entered judgment for the Hodgeses.
- On appeal, the district court upheld the judgment on liability but denied attorney fees.
- The Kansas Court of Appeals reversed on liability, holding as a matter of law that the implied warranty on a used car covered only major components necessary for operation and did not reach the air conditioner.
- The Kansas Supreme Court granted review.

## Issues

1. In a merchant’s sale of a used automobile, can the implied warranty of merchantability extend to a defective air-conditioning system, or is it limited to components necessary for the vehicle to operate?
2. Is the question whether the implied warranty of merchantability was breached one of fact, and if so, what standard governs appellate review of the trial court’s finding?
3. After prevailing on the implied-warranty claim, were the Hodgeses entitled to an award of attorney fees?

## Decision

- The Kansas Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeals’ rule limiting merchantability in used-car sales to components necessary for the vehicle to operate.
- The court held that, depending on the circumstances and normal commercial expectations for the transaction, a defective air-conditioning system may support a finding that a used vehicle was not merchantable.
- The court affirmed the district court’s decision upholding the trial court’s judgment for the Hodgeses on breach and damages, concluding the finding of breach was supported by substantial competent evidence.
- The court reversed the district court’s denial of attorney fees and remanded to the district court to assess and award reasonable fees.

## Legal Principles

- The implied warranty of merchantability is imposed by law in sales of goods by merchants and sets minimum standards tied to normal commercial expectations.
- To prove breach of the implied warranty of merchantability, the buyer must show: (1) the goods were defective, (2) the defect existed when the goods left the seller’s control, and (3) the defect caused the buyer’s loss.
- The extent of a merchant’s obligation for used goods depends on the circumstances of the transaction, including the buyer’s awareness that the goods are used, the degree of prior use, and whether the goods were discounted.
- In used-car transactions, expectations vary with the vehicle’s age, mileage, and price; a later-model, low-mileage vehicle sold at a premium price is expected to be in better condition than a high-mileage vehicle sold near scrap value.
- Whether the implied warranty of merchantability applies to a transaction (merchant sale of goods) is a question of law; whether that warranty was breached is a question of fact.
- Appellate review of factual findings is limited to whether substantial competent evidence supports the findings; appellate courts do not reweigh conflicting evidence or reassess witness credibility.
- A categorical test that limits merchantability to “major components necessary for the vehicle to operate” is inconsistent with the fact-specific, expectation-based merchantability inquiry for used goods.
- When a fee-shifting rule authorizes attorney fees for a prevailing party on the claim litigated, the district court must determine and award reasonable fees consistent with that authority.

## Conclusion

Hodges v. Johnson held that the implied warranty of merchantability in a merchant’s used-car sale is measured against normal commercial expectations in light of the transaction’s circumstances, and it is not confined to components strictly necessary to make the vehicle move; on the facts, substantial competent evidence supported the trial court’s finding that the Mercedes was sold with an air-conditioning defect that breached merchantability, so the Kansas Supreme Court reinstated the Hodgeses’ judgment and remanded for an assessment of reasonable attorney fees.


Hodges v. Johnson, 199 P.3d 1251 (2009)