## Facts

- Heritage Mutual Insurance Company (Heritage), a Wisconsin corporation with its principal office in Sheboygan, Wisconsin, recruited and interviewed four out-of-state candidates for executive-level positions.
- Norbert Hohlbein was interviewed on multiple occasions between February and December 1982 for vice president of sales.
- Winston L. Howell claimed he was interviewed in April 1981 for the same vice president of sales position.
- James R. Beckey asserted he interviewed between August and September 1983 for a regional claims manager position.
- Edward White interviewed in March 1982 for a training and educational specialist position.
- Each plaintiff alleged that, during the recruiting and interview process, Heritage’s representatives made material misrepresentations and failed to disclose material information about the position at issue.
- The alleged misstatements and omissions concerned (among other topics) the duties, nature, and scope of the jobs; the authority associated with the roles; advancement or promotion potential; relocation expense assistance; and the existence of an at-will probationary period.
- Each plaintiff claimed he accepted employment (or proceeded in reliance) based on some or all of those alleged misrepresentations or omissions and then suffered losses after learning the job terms and conditions differed from what had been represented.
- The four plaintiffs filed one diversity action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Wisconsin under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a)(1), asserting parallel theories in separate counts: reckless misrepresentation, fraud, and breach of promise/contract (three claims per plaintiff).
- Heritage moved under Federal Rules of Civil Procedure 20(a) and 21 to sever the matter into four separate cases, arguing the claims did not arise out of the same transaction or occurrence (or series of transactions or occurrences), lacked sufficient common questions, and would confuse the jury.
- The plaintiffs opposed severance, contending the alleged misconduct reflected a shared course of hiring-related misrepresentations suitable for permissive joinder.

## Issues

1. Whether the plaintiffs satisfied permissive joinder under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 20(a) by alleging claims arising out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences and presenting at least one common question of law or fact.
2. If joinder was permissible, whether the court should nevertheless sever the claims under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 21 due to asserted jury confusion, prejudice, or trial-management concerns.

## Decision

- The court denied Heritage’s motion to sever.
- The court found Rule 20(a) satisfied because the complaint alleged a related series of hiring transactions involving similar types of alleged misrepresentations and omissions by the same employer.
- The court declined to order severance under Rule 21, concluding that one action would conserve litigation resources and that any risk of jury confusion could be handled through pretrial orders and clear presentation of evidence at trial.

## Legal Principles

- Rule 20(a) permits multiple plaintiffs to join in one action when (1) their rights to relief arise out of the same transaction, occurrence, or series of transactions or occurrences, and (2) at least one common question of law or fact will arise in the action.
- Separate hiring events may qualify as a “series of transactions or occurrences” when plaintiffs allege a continuing pattern of similar conduct by the same defendant, even if the interviews occurred on different dates for different positions.
- The presence of individualized proof (such as the specific statements made to each plaintiff or the amount of each plaintiff’s damages) does not defeat joinder if there is a shared factual core and overlapping legal questions.
- Rule 21 allows severance as a matter of trial management and fairness, but the court may keep claims together when a joint proceeding reduces duplication in discovery and witness testimony and lowers the risk of inconsistent outcomes.
- Potential jury confusion, standing alone, does not require severance where the court can structure proceedings with limiting instructions, pretrial rulings, and organized presentation of evidence.

## Conclusion

The Eastern District of Wisconsin held that four former Heritage recruits alleging similar hiring-related misrepresentations and omissions—including alleged nondisclosure of an at-will probationary period and similar statements about duties, authority, advancement, and relocation assistance—could proceed in a single suit under Rule 20(a). Although each plaintiff’s interviews and employment circumstances differed, the court treated the allegations as a related series of transactions with common questions, and it refused to sever under Rule 21 because one action would reduce duplication and the court could manage any jury-confusion concerns through standard trial controls.


Hohlbein v. Heritage Mutual Insurance Co., 106 F.R.D. 73 (1985)