## Facts

- Three men robbed a restaurant in Little Rock, Arkansas, and two female employees were raped; Winston M. Holloway, Ray Lee Welch, and Gary Don Campbell were arrested and each charged with robbery and two counts of rape.
- The trial court appointed one attorney to represent all three codefendants and set a joint trial.
- Before trial and again immediately before jury empanelment, defense counsel moved for separate counsel, stating that confidential communications created a risk of conflicting interests that prevented effective representation of each defendant.
- The trial court denied the motions without appointing separate counsel or conducting an adequate inquiry into the asserted conflict risk.
- The defendants were tried jointly with the same lawyer and convicted on all counts.
- The Arkansas Supreme Court affirmed, finding no actual conflict or prejudice shown on the record.

## Issues

1. Whether the Sixth Amendment is violated when a trial court, after a timely and specific conflict objection by defense counsel in a joint-representation case, refuses to appoint separate counsel or to conduct an adequate inquiry into the risk of conflict.
2. Whether reversal requires a showing of actual prejudice when joint representation is compelled over timely objection.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed and remanded.
- The Court held that, once counsel timely objects that joint representation presents a conflict risk, the trial court must either appoint separate counsel or take adequate steps to determine whether the risk is too remote.
- The trial court’s failure to do either violated the defendants’ Sixth Amendment right to the assistance of counsel.
- When a court improperly requires joint representation over timely objection, reversal is automatic; prejudice is presumed and need not be affirmatively proved.

## Legal Principles

- The Sixth Amendment right to counsel includes the right to representation free from conflicts of interest that may impair counsel’s performance.
- When defense counsel timely and specifically alerts the court to a potential conflict arising from joint representation, the court has an affirmative duty to respond by appointing separate counsel or conducting a sufficient inquiry.
- Counsel’s conflict assessment, informed by confidential client communications and professional duties, is entitled to substantial weight when presented to the trial court.
- Erroneously compelling joint representation over timely objection is a fundamental trial error for which harmless-error review is unavailable; prejudice is presumed and a new trial is required.

## Conclusion

Because the trial court compelled a single attorney to represent multiple codefendants despite timely, specific conflict objections and without adequate inquiry, the convictions violated the Sixth Amendment and had to be reversed without any additional showing of prejudice.


Holloway v. Arkansas, 435 U.S. 475 (1978)