## Facts

- Pearl Kathleen Hyam was jealous of a former partner’s relationship with Mrs Booth and wanted to disrupt it.
- Around 2 a.m., Hyam drove to Mrs Booth’s home with about a gallon of petrol, poured petrol through the letterbox, inserted newspaper, and set it on fire.
- Hyam left without raising an alarm; Mrs Booth and three children were inside.
- Mrs Booth and one child escaped; two daughters died from asphyxia caused by the fire’s fumes.
- Hyam claimed she intended only to frighten Mrs Booth into leaving the area, not to kill or cause grievous bodily harm (GBH).
- Hyam pleaded guilty to manslaughter, but the prosecution proceeded on two counts of murder.
- The trial judge instructed the jury that murder required intent to kill or cause serious bodily harm, and that intent could be established if Hyam knew death or serious bodily harm was “highly probable” from setting the fire.
- The jury convicted Hyam of murder by an 11–1 majority; the Court of Appeal dismissed her appeal and certified a question on the mental element of murder.

## Issues

1. Whether “malice aforethought” for murder is satisfied only by an intent to kill or to cause GBH, or can be satisfied where the accused acts knowing death or GBH is highly probable.
2. Whether intent to cause GBH remains sufficient mens rea for murder after the Homicide Act 1957.
3. Whether foresight/knowledge of a high probability of death or GBH constitutes intent as a matter of law, or is merely evidence from which intent may be inferred.

## Decision

- The House of Lords dismissed the appeal and affirmed the murder convictions.
- The majority held that malice aforethought is satisfied by intent to kill or intent to cause GBH.
- The majority also approved the jury direction permitting conviction where the accused deliberately committed the act knowing that death or serious bodily harm was highly probable, even if the accused’s primary purpose was to frighten.
- The majority concluded that on the facts the jury was entitled to find the necessary mens rea, given the deliberate ignition of an occupied house at night.
- Two Law Lords dissented, objecting to treating probability foresight as equivalent to intention rather than evidence of intention.

## Legal Principles

- Murder requires “malice aforethought,” satisfied by an intention to kill or an intention to cause GBH (really serious injury).
- Where an accused deliberately performs a dangerous act directed at a person in circumstances known to make death or serious bodily harm highly probable, a jury may find the requisite intent for murder.
- Foresight/knowledge of likely consequences is material from which intention may be inferred; the case approved a direction treating knowledge of “high probability” as sufficient to support a finding of malice in the circumstances.

## Conclusion

The House of Lords upheld Hyam’s murder convictions, confirming that intent to cause GBH suffices for murder and approving a jury instruction that deliberate conduct undertaken with knowledge that death or serious harm is highly probable can amount to malice aforethought, even when the actor’s primary purpose is not to kill.


Hyam v. Dir. of Pub. Prosecutions, [1975] A.C. 55 (H.L.)