## Facts

- A catastrophic explosion occurred on May 5, 1988, at an oil refinery in Norco, Louisiana, after a failed pipe elbow released combustible gases that formed and ignited a vapor cloud.
- Thousands of individuals and entities claimed personal injury, property damage, and related losses from the single event, including impacts in multiple Louisiana parishes.
- Plaintiffs sued Shell Oil Company and a contractor, alleging negligence, strict liability, and intentional tort, and sought compensatory and punitive damages under Louisiana law.
- The federal district court certified a Rule 23(b)(3) damages class and, using Rule 23(c)(4)(A), created subclasses separating common liability and punitive-liability questions from individualized issues, including a subclass for certain employee claims.
- The court entered a detailed trial plan providing for phased proceedings: common liability and punitive-liability determinations followed by individualized damages processes.
- Defendants pursued interlocutory review under 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b); the court of appeals affirmed the certification orders and the trial plan.

## Issues

1. Whether the claims arising from a single industrial explosion satisfied Rule 23(a) prerequisites and Rule 23(b)(3) predominance and superiority requirements.
2. Whether Rule 23(c)(4)(A) permits certification of particular common issues and the use of subclasses in a mass-accident case.
3. Whether a phased trial plan deciding common liability and punitive-liability issues before individualized damages proceedings was an abuse of discretion.

## Decision

- The district court certified a Rule 23(b)(3) class, defined subclasses under Rule 23(c)(4)(A), and approved a phased trial plan addressing common liability and punitive-liability issues first.
- The court concluded that common questions tied to the single explosion event predominated over individualized issues, which were primarily damages-related.
- The court of appeals affirmed, holding the district court committed no error and did not abuse its discretion in class certification, subclass structure, or the proposed trial plan.

## Legal Principles

- A mass-accident case arising from a single, discrete event may satisfy Rule 23(b)(3) predominance when central questions of causation and liability are common to the class and individualized issues largely concern damages.
- Rule 23(c)(4)(A) permits certification of particular issues for class treatment and the use of subclasses to isolate common liability questions while reserving individualized determinations for later proceedings.
- A district court has broad discretion to manage complex class actions through phased trials and related procedures when the structure supports Rule 23(b)(3) superiority and manageability.

## Conclusion

The courts upheld certification of a large mass-accident class and a structured, phased trial plan, approving the use of issue certification and subclasses to resolve common liability and punitive-liability questions efficiently while leaving individualized damages for later proceedings.


In re Shell Oil Refinery, 136 F.R.D. 588 (E.D. La. 1991), aff’d sub nom. Watson v. Shell Oil Co., 979 F.2d 1014 (5th Cir. 1992)