## Facts

- Infiniti Group International, Inc. (Infiniti) filed a federal lawsuit against Elk Lighting, Inc., doing business as Sterling Industries, Inc. (Elk), alleging intellectual-property-related claims.
- Elk responded by filing an answer to the complaint and asserting defenses.
- After reviewing Elk’s answer and defenses on its own motion, the court identified pleading problems in how Elk responded to certain allegations.
- In particular, the court focused on responses that combined a statement that Elk lacked knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief about an allegation with an additional, express denial of that same allegation.
- The court addressed the function of Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(b)(5), which permits a party to state it lacks knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief about an allegation, and provides that such a statement “has the effect of a denial.”
- Because the order addressed the form and sufficiency of the pleadings rather than the merits of the IP claims, the court’s action centered on requiring clearer admissions, denials, and properly stated defenses.

## Issues

1. Whether a defendant’s answer complies with Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(b) when it both (a) states the defendant lacks knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief about an allegation and (b) separately denies that allegation.
2. What corrective action a district court may require when an answer’s denials and defenses are not stated in the manner contemplated by Rule 8.

## Decision

- The court reviewed Elk’s answer and defenses sua sponte for compliance with the federal pleading rules.
- The court found that Elk’s use of hybrid responses—disclaiming knowledge or information and then adding an express denial—was improper under Rule 8(b)(5), because a lack-of-knowledge statement already operates as a denial.
- The court required Elk to re-plead its answer so that each response clearly took an allowed form under Rule 8 (admit, deny, partially deny with specificity, or state lack of knowledge under Rule 8(b)(5) without layering on a separate denial).
- The court’s order addressed the adequacy of the pleadings and did not resolve Infiniti’s substantive intellectual-property claims on the merits.

## Legal Principles

- Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 8(b) requires a defendant to respond to each allegation by admitting it, denying it, or stating in substance that the defendant lacks knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief about it.
- Under Rule 8(b)(5), a statement that the party lacks knowledge or information sufficient to form a belief about the truth of an allegation “has the effect of a denial”; it is not combined with a separate, explicit denial of the same allegation.
- Rule 8(b)(4) contemplates that if a party intends in good faith to deny only part of an allegation, it must admit the part that is true and deny the rest, so the pleadings show what is actually disputed.
- A district court may act on its own motion to require re-pleading when an answer’s denials or defenses are not presented in a clear, rule-based form, because unclear pleadings can obscure what is contested and complicate later stages of the case.
- Defenses must be stated in a “short and plain” manner sufficient to give fair notice of what the defendant is asserting, and the court may require revisions when defenses are stated in a confusing or improper format.

## Conclusion

In this early-stage order in an intellectual-property case, the court sua sponte examined the defendant’s answer and found that certain responses did not conform to Rule 8(b), particularly where the defendant paired Rule 8(b)(5) lack-of-knowledge statements with separate denials. The court required the defendant to re-plead its answer and defenses in a clear, rule-compliant manner so the pleadings would accurately show what was admitted, denied, or genuinely unknown.


Infiniti Group International, Inc. v. Elk Lighting, Inc., d/b/a Sterling Industries, Inc., No. 11 C 7735 (2012)