## Facts

- Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee (CBG) sued multiple insurers in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Pennsylvania to recover under a business-interruption insurance policy.
- Several foreign insurers challenged personal jurisdiction.
- CBG sought discovery targeted to jurisdictional facts, including the insurers’ contacts with Pennsylvania.
- The district court issued discovery orders compelling production of jurisdiction-related information.
- The foreign insurers repeatedly failed to comply with the discovery orders.
- The district court warned that continued noncompliance would lead to a Rule 37(b)(2)(A) sanction deeming jurisdictional facts established and finding personal jurisdiction.
- After further noncompliance, the district court imposed the sanction and treated personal jurisdiction as established.
- The Third Circuit affirmed the sanction-based jurisdiction ruling.

## Issues

1. Whether, consistent with the Due Process Clause, a federal court may use Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 37(b)(2)(A) to deem personal-jurisdiction facts established as a sanction for disobeying jurisdictional discovery orders.
2. Whether the district court abused its discretion by imposing a Rule 37(b)(2)(A) sanction that resulted in a finding of personal jurisdiction over the foreign insurers.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed.
- The Court held that Rule 37(b)(2)(A) sanctions may support a finding of personal jurisdiction without violating due process.
- The Court held the district court did not abuse its discretion in deeming jurisdictional facts established given the insurers’ repeated noncompliance after warnings.
- The Court reasoned that personal jurisdiction protects an individual liberty interest and can be waived or lost through a party’s conduct, unlike subject-matter jurisdiction.
- The Court relied on the principle that refusal to produce material evidence can justify an adverse evidentiary presumption against the resisting party, making the sanction a permissible method to resolve jurisdictional fact disputes.

## Legal Principles

- Personal jurisdiction is a due process-based individual right that may be waived or forfeited by litigation conduct, including discovery misconduct.
- Under Rule 37(b)(2)(A), a court may order that designated facts be taken as established when a party disobeys discovery orders; this can include jurisdictional facts when the disobedience concerns jurisdictional discovery.
- Due process permits sanction-based establishment of jurisdictional facts when the sanction is just and specifically related to the matter the party obstructed.
- A court does not “create” personal jurisdiction by sanction; it resolves a contested jurisdictional factual issue by treating the resisting party’s nonproduction as supporting an adverse presumption.

## Conclusion

The Court held that a federal court may, consistent with due process, deem personal-jurisdiction facts established under Rule 37(b)(2)(A) when a defendant willfully refuses to comply with jurisdictional discovery orders, and it upheld the sanction as a proper exercise of the district court’s discretion.


Ins. Corp. of Ir., Ltd. v. Compagnie des Bauxites de Guinee, 456 U.S. 694 (1982)