## Facts

- Lucy S. Jackson, a widow, owned a 166-acre farm; her brother, Benjamin J. Seymour, had long managed the farm’s rentals and accounts, and Jackson relied heavily on him.
- A third party expressed interest in buying a 31-acre tract belonging to Jackson that adjoined Seymour’s land.
- In 1947, Jackson, needing funds, asked Seymour to buy the 31-acre tract; Seymour paid $275 by check, and Jackson executed a deed prepared at Seymour’s request and expense.
- Jackson claimed Seymour induced the sale by stating the tract had little value beyond pasture and that $275 was a good price; she asserted she was unfamiliar with the tract and unaware it contained merchantable timber.
- After the conveyance, Seymour discovered valuable timber on the tract and later cut timber, receiving approximately $2,353 from timber taken from the tract, far exceeding the purchase price.
- About two and one-half years after the sale, Jackson learned the timber present at conveyance was allegedly worth several thousand dollars in stumpage; she offered to return the purchase price with interest in exchange for rescission, but Seymour refused.
- Jackson filed suit seeking rescission of the deed and an accounting for timber proceeds; Seymour denied fraudulent representations and denied knowing of the timber at the time of purchase.

## Issues

1. Whether a bill alleging fraud and seeking rescission plus general relief permits relief on a constructive-fraud theory without expressly pleading “constructive fraud.”
2. Whether a conveyance between siblings in a relationship of trust, coupled with a gross disparity between price and value, constitutes constructive fraud warranting rescission and related monetary relief.

## Decision

- The court held the pleadings and proof were sufficient to allow relief based on constructive fraud even though that label was not expressly used.
- The court held the transaction amounted to constructive fraud due to the confidential relationship and the grossly inadequate consideration.
- The court reversed the decree dismissing the complaint and remanded with directions to enter an equitable decree.
- The court directed rescission and restoration of the parties as nearly as possible to the status quo, including compensation for timber removed and rental value, offset by repayment to Seymour of the purchase price and taxes, with interest.

## Legal Principles

- An executed conveyance is not ordinarily set aside for mere inadequacy of consideration, but equity will act when the inadequacy is so gross as to shock the conscience, particularly when additional circumstances indicate fraud in law.
- Gross inadequacy supporting constructive fraud exists where the inequality is so strong and manifest that it would provoke an exclamation at its unfairness to a person of common sense.
- Constructive fraud is a breach of legal or equitable duty declared fraudulent because it tends to deceive, violate confidence, or injure interests; intent to deceive or moral culpability is not required.
- Where a confidential relationship exists, the favored party bears heightened duties consistent with that trust, and equity scrutinizes self-benefiting transactions closely.
- Under a prayer for general relief, equity may grant relief consistent with the facts pleaded and proved even if the complaint does not use a particular doctrinal label.

## Conclusion

The court ordered rescission of a deed conveyed for a shockingly inadequate price where the buyer was the seller’s trusted brother and the circumstances created constructive fraud, requiring restoration of title and equitable accounting to prevent retention of disproportionate gains.


Jackson v. Seymour, 193 Va. 735, 71 S.E.2d 181 (Va. 1952)