## Facts

- A van occupied by Lawrence and Arlene Jagneaux collided with a farm tractor at an intersection controlled by a stop sign.
- The tractor was operated on a wet, unpaved road by a minor driver; a minor passenger rode inside the enclosed cab.
- Mud thrown by the tractor obstructed the cab’s side-window visibility as the tractor approached the intersection with a state highway.
- The driver asked the passenger to check for traffic because the driver’s view was obstructed.
- The passenger exited the cab onto the tractor’s fuel tank to see better and then made a hand signal to the driver.
- The meaning of the hand signal, and what the driver reasonably understood it to communicate (including whether it signaled an “all clear”), was disputed in deposition testimony.
- The driver entered the intersection and the collision occurred, causing injuries.
- The injured occupants sued multiple parties, including the passenger’s father and the father’s insurer, alleging the passenger negligently performed the task of checking for traffic and signaling.

## Issues

1. Whether a passenger who undertakes to check for traffic and signal the driver assumes a duty to exercise reasonable care in performing that undertaking.
2. Whether disputed testimony about what the passenger signaled and what the driver understood created genuine issues of material fact that barred summary judgment.

## Decision

- The appellate court reviewed the summary judgment de novo under Louisiana summary-judgment standards.
- The court reversed the trial court’s grant of summary judgment in favor of the passenger’s father and the father’s insurer.
- The court held that genuine issues of material fact existed regarding the passenger’s undertaking, the content and meaning of the signal, and whether the passenger exercised reasonable care.
- The case was remanded for further proceedings.

## Legal Principles

- Summary judgment is improper when the record contains genuine issues of material fact, particularly where resolution turns on conflicting testimony and credibility determinations.
- A guest passenger generally has limited duties, but a passenger who affirmatively undertakes a safety-related task (such as looking for traffic and signaling) may assume a duty to perform that task with reasonable care.
- When evidence could support a finding that the driver relied on the passenger’s signal to proceed, disputed facts about the signal and its reasonableness can bear on duty, breach, and causation and should be resolved by the factfinder.

## Conclusion

The court reinstated claims against the passenger’s father and insurer because the passenger’s alleged undertaking to check for traffic and signal could create a duty of reasonable care, and conflicting evidence about the signal’s meaning and reliance presented factual disputes that could not be resolved on summary judgment.


Jagneaux v. Louisiana Farm Bureau Casualty Insurance Co., 771 So. 2d 109 (La. Ct. App. 3d Cir. 2000)