## Facts

- Homeless individuals sued the City of Dallas and related municipal defendants under federal civil rights law, challenging enforcement of a “sleeping in public” ordinance and actions to remove a homeless encampment under highway bridges.
- The court entered a temporary restraining order limiting enforcement actions and set further proceedings on injunctive relief.
- Several downtown business and neighborhood/homeowners associations moved to intervene as defendants.
- The movants sought intervention as of right under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 24(a) or, alternatively, permissive intervention under Rule 24(b).
- The movants asserted economic and community impacts from homelessness and from potential limits on the City’s enforcement approach.
- The motion to intervene was litigated while the underlying constitutional challenges remained pending.

## Issues

1. Whether the business and homeowners associations were entitled to intervene as of right under Rule 24(a) based on a direct, substantial, legally protectable interest that might be impaired, and lack of adequate representation by the City.
2. Whether the court should allow permissive intervention under Rule 24(b) given the asserted interests and the effect on case management.
3. Whether the movants should be permitted to participate as amici curiae if intervention was denied.

## Decision

- The court denied intervention as of right under Rule 24(a).
- The court denied permissive intervention under Rule 24(b).
- The court granted the movants leave to participate as amici curiae.

## Legal Principles

- Rule 24(a) requires a direct, substantial, legally protectable interest; generalized economic or neighborhood concerns about the effects of public-law litigation ordinarily do not satisfy this requirement.
- When a proposed intervenor shares the same ultimate objective as an existing governmental party defending its own ordinances, adequate representation is generally presumed absent a concrete showing of divergence or conflict.
- Under Rule 24(b), courts may deny intervention where adding parties would complicate proceedings, increase costs, or cause delay, particularly when the existing defendant can litigate the core defense.
- Amicus curiae participation may be allowed to present relevant practical or policy concerns without granting the procedural rights and burdens of party status.

## Conclusion

The court kept the lawsuit limited to the homeless plaintiffs and the municipal defendants, holding that business and neighborhood associations lacked a legally protectable interest for Rule 24(a) intervention and were adequately represented by the City, and it exercised discretion to deny Rule 24(b) intervention to avoid delay while permitting the groups to be heard as amici.


Johnson v. City of Dallas, 155 F.R.D. 581 (N.D. Tex. 1994)