## Facts

- Congress enacted the Low Income Home Energy Assistance Act (LIHEAA) to fund state programs that help low-income households pay home-energy costs.
- New York participated through its Home Energy Assistance Program (HEAP), administered by the New York Office of Temporary and Disability Assistance (OTDA) and, in New York City, by city agencies.
- New York set fixed eligibility criteria for HEAP and calculated benefit amounts using a formula rather than open-ended discretion.
- State regulations required OTDA to process HEAP applications within 30 business days, but processing often took much longer, in some instances up to 122 days.
- After OTDA issued a determination (denying benefits or awarding a particular amount), applicants generally had 60 days to request an administrative fair hearing.
- Separate regulations also barred any hearing request more than 105 days after the close of the HEAP program year, which—when combined with late determinations—could reduce or eliminate the practical ability to obtain a hearing.
- OTDA’s determination letters to applicants who were granted benefits typically did not explain how the awarded amount was calculated, leaving recipients without enough information to assess whether the formula had been applied correctly.
- Eileen Kapps and other plaintiffs, on behalf of a class of HEAP applicants and recipients, sued OTDA’s commissioner and New York City officials in their official capacities, alleging that New York’s HEAP administration violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Due Process Clause and that LIHEAA violations were enforceable under 42 U.S.C. § 1983.
- The U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of New York granted partial summary judgment for plaintiffs and issued declaratory and injunctive relief requiring changes to notice and hearing-related practices.
- Defendants appealed to the Second Circuit.

## Issues

1. Whether HEAP applicants and recipients have a constitutionally protected property interest in HEAP benefits.
2. Whether delayed processing, when paired with an absolute 105-day post–program-year bar on hearing requests, denied applicants a meaningful opportunity to request and obtain a fair hearing.
3. Whether HEAP award notices that omitted an explanation of benefit calculations provided constitutionally adequate notice of the reasons for the agency’s action.
4. Whether the Second Circuit needed to decide if LIHEAA creates individual rights enforceable under § 1983.

## Decision

- The Second Circuit held that HEAP benefits, as administered under fixed eligibility rules and a formula-based benefit scheme, constitute a protected property interest for eligible applicants and recipients.
- The court held that due process was violated where administrative delays, combined with the 105-day cutoff, could prevent applicants from using the hearing process in a meaningful way, including by shortening or eliminating the effective time to seek review.
- The court held that determination letters awarding benefits were constitutionally inadequate when they failed to explain how the benefit amount was calculated, because recipients could not evaluate the correctness of the award or effectively decide whether to challenge it.
- The Second Circuit affirmed the district court’s judgment to the extent it rested on procedural due process violations and left unresolved whether LIHEAA creates rights enforceable under § 1983.

## Legal Principles

- A government benefit can be a protected property interest when statutes and regulations set defined eligibility criteria and constrain official discretion, giving qualified applicants a legitimate claim of entitlement.
- Procedural due process requires an opportunity to be heard at a meaningful time and in a meaningful manner; administrative structures that predictably cut off access to review can violate this requirement.
- Due process notice must provide enough information about the reasons for the agency’s action—such as how a benefit amount was computed under an applicable formula—to allow an affected person to assess accuracy and decide whether to seek a hearing.
- Under Mathews v. Eldridge, courts evaluate procedural adequacy by weighing the private interest at stake, the risk of erroneous deprivation under existing procedures (and the likely value of added safeguards), and the government’s administrative burdens.
- An appellate court may decline to reach difficult statutory enforceability questions under § 1983 when the same relief is fully supported on constitutional due process grounds.

## Conclusion

In *Kapps v. Wing*, the Second Circuit affirmed injunctive and declaratory relief on due process grounds, holding that New York’s HEAP applicants and recipients had a protected property interest in benefits and that OTDA’s practices violated procedural due process by (1) combining substantial application-processing delays with an inflexible 105-day post–program-year deadline that could negate the practical ability to request a fair hearing, and (2) issuing award notices that failed to explain benefit calculations, depriving recipients of adequate notice to evaluate and challenge their benefit amounts; the court therefore did not decide whether LIHEAA creates rights enforceable under § 1983.


Kapps v. Wing, 404 F.3d 105 (2005)