## Facts

- New York law limited voting in certain school district elections to residents who either (a) owned or leased taxable real property in the district or (b) were parents/custodians of children enrolled in the district’s public schools.
- Morris H. Kramer was an adult resident citizen who met all general qualifications to vote in state and federal elections.
- Kramer was excluded from voting in his local school district election solely because he neither owned nor leased taxable real property and had no children in the public schools.
- Kramer sued state and local officials, alleging the voting restrictions denied equal protection under the Fourteenth Amendment.
- A three-judge federal district court dismissed the complaint; Kramer appealed directly to the U.S. Supreme Court.

## Issues

1. Whether a state may limit the franchise in school district elections to property owners/lessees and parents/custodians, excluding other adult residents who otherwise meet ordinary voting qualifications, consistent with the Equal Protection Clause.
2. Whether selective exclusions from the franchise in a governmental election must be shown to be necessary to promote a compelling state interest.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed and remanded.
- The Court held the statute violated the Equal Protection Clause.
- Because the law selectively granted the vote to some bona fide adult residents while denying it to others, the exclusions required close judicial scrutiny and had to be necessary to promote a compelling state interest.
- Even assuming the State could pursue the goal of limiting school-election voting to those “primarily interested” in school affairs, the classifications were not drawn with sufficient precision.
- The law was overinclusive (including persons with at most remote interest) and underinclusive (excluding residents with direct and distinct interests in school board decisions).

## Legal Principles

- Voting in state and local elections is a fundamental interest for equal protection analysis.
- When a state distributes the franchise selectively among bona fide adult residents, courts apply close scrutiny; the exclusions are valid only if necessary to promote a compelling state interest.
- A voting restriction fails strict scrutiny when its classifications are materially overinclusive and underinclusive relative to the asserted objective, showing an insufficient fit between means and end.
- Elections for school boards involve governmental decisions that substantially affect all district residents; selective disfranchisement therefore triggers heightened constitutional review.

## Conclusion

New York’s limitation of school district voting to property owners/lessees and parents/custodians unconstitutionally denied equal protection because the State did not show that excluding otherwise qualified adult residents was necessary to achieve a compelling interest, and the statutory classifications were imprecisely drawn.


Kramer v. Union Free Sch. Dist. No. 15, 395 U.S. 621 (1969)