## Facts

- Benjamin Krouse drove to Vinka Mladinov’s home with his wife, Elizabeth Krouse; the car was parked at the curb.
- Benjamin remained in the driver’s seat while Elizabeth and Mladinov unloaded groceries and closed the car door near the curb.
- Homer Adams Graham drove onto the curb from behind, struck Elizabeth and Mladinov, and hit the parked Krouse car, propelling it forward; Elizabeth was killed and Mladinov was injured.
- Graham admitted liability; trial proceeded solely on damages for (1) wrongful death claims by Benjamin and the five children, (2) Benjamin’s personal injury and emotional distress claims, and (3) Mladinov’s personal injury claim.
- The jury awarded $300,000 (lump sum) for wrongful death to Benjamin and the children, $52,000 to Benjamin for personal injuries and emotional suffering, and $90,000 to Mladinov for personal injuries.
- Benjamin sought bystander negligent infliction of emotional distress (NIED) damages; he did not see the moment of impact but saw the car approaching, knew Elizabeth’s location, and immediately realized she had been struck.

## Issues

1. Whether wrongful death beneficiaries may recover non-economic damages for loss of the decedent’s love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society, and moral support.
2. Whether wrongful death damages may include survivors’ grief, sorrow, or mental anguish as independent elements.
3. Whether a bystander NIED plaintiff must visually perceive the impact to satisfy Dillon v. Legg’s “sensory and contemporaneous observance” requirement.
4. Whether allegations that jurors discussed and included attorneys’ fees in damages calculations required further proceedings on a new trial motion.
5. Whether erroneous and confusing instructions on wrongful death damages and emotional distress required reversal.

## Decision

- Held that wrongful death damages include non-economic loss of the decedent’s love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society, and moral support.
- Reaffirmed that wrongful death damages do not include survivors’ grief, sorrow, or mental anguish as such; instructions allowing “emotional distress” within wrongful death damages were erroneous and prejudicial.
- Held that NIED recovery does not require visual perception of the impact; contemporaneous sensory perception can be satisfied where the plaintiff is present, perceives the danger in real time, and immediately understands the injury to the victim.
- Concluded juror-declaration allegations about attorneys’ fees warranted further consideration; the trial court was directed to reconsider the new trial motion as to Mladinov’s verdict.
- Reversed in part and remanded for further proceedings, including a new trial on affected damages issues and reconsideration of the misconduct-based new trial request.

## Legal Principles

- In a statutory wrongful death action, beneficiaries may recover non-economic damages for loss of the decedent’s companionship-type interests, including love, companionship, comfort, care, assistance, protection, affection, society, and moral support.
- Wrongful death damages compensate for the survivors’ loss of the decedent’s benefits and relationship, not for the survivors’ grief, sorrow, or mental anguish as independent damage elements.
- Bystander NIED under Dillon v. Legg does not require that the plaintiff see the precise moment of impact; the requirement is contemporaneous sensory perception of the event and its consequences, not literal visual observation.
- Jury consideration of attorneys’ fees in computing damages is improper; credible allegations may require further trial-court inquiry and reconsideration of a new trial motion.
- In multi-claim, multi-plaintiff damages trials, instructions must clearly separate permissible loss-of-society damages from impermissible grief damages and avoid double recovery across theories.

## Conclusion

The court expanded recoverable wrongful death damages to include loss-of-society-type harms while continuing to bar grief and sorrow as such, clarified that bystander NIED may be based on contemporaneous sensory awareness without seeing impact, and ordered further proceedings due to instructional error and unresolved allegations of juror misconduct regarding attorneys’ fees.


Krouse v. Graham, 19 Cal. 3d 59 (1977)