## Facts

- In the 1950s, the Irish Republican Army (IRA) carried out violent acts connected to the conflict over Northern Ireland and the United Kingdom.
- Gerard Richard Lawless, an Irish national alleged by Irish authorities to be associated with the IRA, was arrested and detained without being tried on a criminal charge.
- Lawless was held in an internment camp under Irish emergency legislation that allowed executive detention of suspected security threats.
- Lawless complained to the European Commission of Human Rights that the detention violated the European Convention on Human Rights, relying in particular on protections relating to liberty and related procedural safeguards (including complaints framed under Articles 5, 6, and 7).
- Ireland maintained that internment without trial was necessary to secure public peace and order in light of IRA activity and relied on the Convention’s emergency framework.
- After the Commission processed the application and referred the case to the European Court of Human Rights under the Convention’s then-applicable procedure, Ireland raised preliminary objections seeking to prevent the Court from reaching the merits.

## Issues

1. Whether the European Court of Human Rights had jurisdiction to deal with the case following the Commission’s referral under the Convention procedure then in force.
2. Whether the application should be barred because Lawless had not exhausted effective domestic remedies.
3. Whether Lawless could still claim to be a “victim” (or the case had otherwise become moot) because the detention had ended or because his personal circumstances had changed.
4. Whether any additional admissibility or procedural objections raised by Ireland prevented the Court from examining the merits.

## Decision

- The Court rejected Ireland’s preliminary objections.
- The Court held that it had jurisdiction to examine the case as referred by the Commission and properly brought before it under the Convention’s procedural rules.
- The Court concluded that the objections based on exhaustion of domestic remedies did not bar consideration of the case in the circumstances presented.
- The Court found that the application was not rendered moot in a way that removed Lawless’s ability to pursue a determination of his Convention complaints.
- The Court therefore allowed the proceedings to continue to a later determination on the merits.

## Legal Principles

- The Court may rule on preliminary objections directed to its jurisdiction and to admissibility before addressing alleged substantive violations of the Convention.
- A case is not automatically discontinued because the contested detention has ended; an applicant may still qualify as a “victim” and seek a ruling on alleged past breaches, depending on the nature of the complaint and the procedural posture.
- The exhaustion requirement concerns remedies that are available and effective in practice for the complaint; where a proposed domestic avenue cannot realistically provide redress for the substance of the Convention grievance, failure to use it may not bar Strasbourg review.
- When a case is properly referred by the Commission under the Convention system in force at the time, the respondent state’s procedural objections do not, without more, remove the Court’s competence to proceed to the merits.

## Conclusion

In *Lawless v. Republic of Ireland (Lawless Case), Ser. A. no. 1*, the European Court of Human Rights resolved threshold procedural disputes by rejecting Ireland’s preliminary objections and confirming that the case—arising from Lawless’s internment without trial under emergency legislation—could proceed to a merits judgment under the Convention framework.


Lawless v. Republic of Ireland (Lawless Case), [1961] European Court of Human Rights, Ser. A. no. 1