## Facts

- Jessica Londono, about two-and-a-half years old, rode a descending escalator leading to a Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority (WMATA) Metrorail station in Washington, D.C., accompanied by her mother, Sandra Londono, and other adult relatives.
- During the ride, Jessica suddenly screamed in pain.
- Her mother discovered a significant laceration on Jessica’s right leg.
- The incident was reported to WMATA personnel, and Jessica received medical care.
- The plaintiffs could not identify the exact escalator component or mechanical malfunction that caused the injury.
- The plaintiffs’ theory was that a protruding object on or near the escalator sidewall might have cut Jessica’s leg, but none of the adults riding with her reported seeing any protrusion.
- Inspections conducted by WMATA and by Westinghouse Electric Corporation (the escalator’s manufacturer and a third-party defendant brought into the case) before and after the incident did not reveal a protruding object.
- Westinghouse submitted evidence that maintenance or repair work had been performed on the escalator eight days before the accident.
- WMATA submitted a photograph of Jessica’s wound and argued that if a protruding object had caused the cut, the laceration would likely appear diagonal; the wound appeared vertical.
- Sandra and Jessica Londono sued WMATA (and also named Westinghouse) in federal court, relying solely on res ipsa loquitur to prove negligence.
- The district court granted WMATA summary judgment, reasoning that the plaintiffs had not shown a probability that the escalator (as opposed to some other instrumentality) caused the injury.
- While the appeal was pending, a District of Columbia decision addressing res ipsa loquitur (issued after the district court’s ruling) affected the analysis of whether plaintiffs must identify the precise cause of an escalator injury.

## Issues

1. Whether, under District of Columbia law, the plaintiffs’ circumstantial proof could permit a res ipsa loquitur inference that WMATA was negligent even though the plaintiffs could not identify the specific escalator defect or mechanism that caused Jessica’s laceration.
2. Whether the district court applied an overly demanding causation requirement at the summary-judgment stage by requiring the plaintiffs to show it was more probable than not that a particular part of the escalator caused the injury.

## Decision

- The D.C. Circuit reversed the district court’s grant of summary judgment for WMATA and remanded for further proceedings.
- The court held that, in light of District of Columbia res ipsa loquitur law (including the intervening D.C. decision), the facts the plaintiffs might prove could be sufficient for a jury to infer negligence from the occurrence itself.
- The court concluded that the plaintiffs were not required, as a precondition to reaching a jury, to pinpoint the precise internal defect or the exact mechanism that produced the injury.

## Legal Principles

- Res ipsa loquitur allows a factfinder to infer negligence from the nature of an accident when direct proof of the specific negligent act is unavailable, provided the circumstances support the inference.
- Under District of Columbia law, the doctrine commonly requires proof that: (1) the event is of a type that ordinarily does not happen without negligence; (2) the instrumentality was within the defendant’s control in a manner that makes it fair to attribute responsibility; and (3) the injury was not due to the plaintiff’s voluntary act or contribution.
- In escalator-injury cases, a plaintiff need not identify the exact mechanical defect to invoke res ipsa loquitur if the surrounding circumstances support a reasonable inference that negligent operation or maintenance is the likely explanation.
- On summary judgment, the question is not whether the plaintiff has already proved the specific cause, but whether the evidence—viewed in the nonmovant’s favor—could allow a reasonable jury to draw the res ipsa inference.
- “Control” for res ipsa purposes is functional rather than absolute; an operator responsible for an escalator’s safe condition may satisfy the requirement even if another entity (such as a manufacturer or maintenance contractor) also had involvement.

## Conclusion

Because a jury could find that a significant, unexplained laceration to a small child during ordinary use of a Metro escalator is the kind of occurrence that ordinarily does not happen without negligence, and because WMATA exercised sufficient responsibility over the escalator’s condition, the D.C. Circuit held that the plaintiffs’ res ipsa loquitur theory should not have been rejected on summary judgment and sent the case back for further proceedings.


Londono v. Washington Metropolitan Area Transit Authority, 766 F.2d 569 (1985)