## Facts

- Richard R. Lovett, Jr., age 73, met with attorney Morgan Thomas to prepare a new will and a power of attorney in favor of Lovett’s wife, Ruth, at a time when Lovett was experiencing memory problems.
- Thomas advised Lovett that the new estate plan would carry less favorable tax consequences than Lovett’s existing will, but Lovett chose to proceed, stating he was not concerned about taxes.
- Thomas prepared the will and power of attorney, reviewed them with Lovett, and tape-recorded the document execution, capturing Lovett’s discussion with Thomas at signing.
- Ruth attended Lovett’s meetings with Thomas, but Thomas maintained that Lovett made the decisions reflected in the documents.
- Several years later, when Lovett was 76, Ruth died. Lovett was living in a nursing home, suffering from Parkinson’s disease and diminished capacity.
- Lovett was declared incompetent, and his children, Richard R. Lovett, III and Susanne Lovett Ethridge, were appointed as his guardians.
- The guardians sued Thomas and his law firm for legal malpractice, asserting that Thomas’s work on the will and power of attorney (and related conduct) led to later disputes and financial harm.
- Plaintiffs sought, among other items, recovery of attorney’s fees and expenses allegedly incurred in later litigation they said was triggered by Thomas’s negligent estate-planning work.
- Plaintiffs also sought relief from paying real-estate commissions connected to property sales in which Thomas was alleged to have acted in a dual capacity (as attorney and broker), claiming that this conduct was improper and caused loss.

## Issues

1. Whether plaintiffs proved that Thomas breached the applicable standard of care in preparing and supervising execution of Lovett’s will and power of attorney given Lovett’s age and reported memory problems.
2. Whether plaintiffs proved proximate causation between any alleged attorney misconduct and the losses claimed, including later litigation and related legal expenses.
3. Whether attorney’s fees incurred in litigation with third parties were recoverable as consequential damages because they were a foreseeable, “natural and necessary” result of the alleged malpractice.
4. Whether plaintiffs were entitled to relief from paying real-estate commissions based on the allegation that Thomas acted as both attorney and broker in certain transactions and thereby caused compensable harm.

## Decision

- The court found an attorney-client relationship existed between Lovett and Thomas, so the dispute turned on breach and causation.
- The court held plaintiffs failed to prove that Thomas departed from the standard of care in counseling Lovett and preparing the will and power of attorney, including in light of Thomas’s advice about tax disadvantages and the evidence that Lovett understood and elected the plan.
- The court further held plaintiffs failed to prove that Thomas’s conduct proximately caused the claimed losses.
- The court rejected recovery of most claimed attorney’s fees and litigation expenses as damages, concluding the later litigation was not shown to be the “natural and necessary” consequence of any wrongdoing by Thomas and that the claimed fee damages were too remote, uncertain, or contingent on intervening events.
- The court denied the requested relief concerning real-estate commissions, finding plaintiffs did not establish actionable misconduct and a causal link to measurable damages on the record presented.
- Judgment was entered in favor of the attorney defendants on the malpractice claims.

## Legal Principles

- A legal malpractice claim requires proof of: (1) an attorney-client relationship creating a duty of care; (2) breach of that duty; and (3) proximate causation of damages.
- Attorneys must exercise the knowledge, skill, and ability ordinarily possessed and exercised by similarly situated members of the profession, using reasonable care and prudence.
- The plaintiff bears the burden to prove both breach and a causal connection between the alleged breach and the losses claimed; neither breach nor causation is presumed.
- Attorney’s fees are ordinarily not recoverable absent authorization by statute, rule, or recognized exception; however, they may be awarded as damages in limited circumstances.
- Litigation expenses may be recovered as consequential damages when the defendant’s wrongful conduct foreseeably causes litigation with third parties and those expenses are the “natural and necessary” consequence of that conduct; remote, uncertain, or contingent consequences do not support recovery.
- In estate-planning and execution settings, heightened caution may be warranted when a client is elderly or has cognitive concerns, but liability still depends on proof—through competent evidence—of a deviation from the professional standard of care and resulting, non-speculative harm.

## Conclusion

Lovett’s guardians did not establish that the attorney’s preparation of a will and power of attorney for an older client with reported memory problems fell below the professional standard of care, nor did they prove that the attorney’s conduct legally caused the later disputes and claimed financial losses. Because the asserted chain from the attorney’s work to subsequent litigation expenses and commission payments was not shown to be the required “natural and necessary” result of wrongdoing, the court rejected the malpractice and fee-as-damages theories and entered judgment for the attorney defendants.


Lovett v. Estate of Lovett, 250 N.J. Super. 79, 593 A.2d 382 (1991)