## Facts

- Lake Street Shirts, Inc. (Lake Street) was a screen-printing company incorporated in 1989 by Gibson Carothers and Herbert Flick.
- Carothers owned 26% of Lake Street but did not participate in its day-to-day business.
- Loving & Associates (Loving) extended a line of credit to Lake Street.
- To obtain that credit, Carothers signed a personal guaranty securing all money owed to Loving by Lake Street.
- The guaranty was described as a continuing guaranty and stated it could be revoked only by written notice to Loving.
- The guaranty did not address what would happen if Lake Street merged with another corporation or if a successor entity incurred debt.
- In 1992, Lake Street merged with Stafford Blaine Designs to form Stafford-Blaine Designs.
- Carothers had no say in the merger and received a 12% ownership interest in Stafford-Blaine.
- After the merger, Lake Street ceased to exist as a separate corporate entity, though the business operations continued and Loving continued extending credit in the same commercial relationship.
- In 1995, the business incurred about $38,000 in debt to Loving on the credit line.
- In 1998, Stafford-Blaine sold its assets.
- Loving sued Carothers to enforce the guaranty for the approximately $38,000 debt incurred in 1995.
- Carothers moved for summary judgment, arguing the merger discharged any obligation under the guaranty for post-merger debts and that the guaranty covered only Lake Street’s debts as the original corporation.
- The district court granted summary judgment for Carothers, and Loving appealed.

## Issues

1. Does a personal continuing guaranty that names a specific corporate debtor extend to debts incurred after that corporation merges into another entity, when the guaranty is silent on mergers or successor liability?
2. Did the 1992 merger discharge Carothers from liability under the guaranty for the post-merger debt incurred in 1995?

## Decision

- The Minnesota Court of Appeals affirmed the district court’s grant of summary judgment for Carothers.
- The court held that Carothers’s guaranty, by its terms, was limited to obligations owed by Lake Street, the named corporation.
- Because Lake Street ceased to exist as a separate legal entity after the merger, the court declined to treat the guaranty as automatically extending to the surviving/merged corporation’s later-incurred debts.
- The court concluded that the “continuing” nature of the guaranty meant it could cover future credit extensions over time, but only within the scope of the debtor identified in the guaranty.
- On this record and contract language, Carothers was not liable for the approximately $38,000 in debt incurred after the merger.

## Legal Principles

- A guaranty is a contract interpreted according to its terms, and its scope is not expanded beyond what the guarantor agreed to in writing.
- Guaranties are generally construed strictly in favor of the guarantor when the creditor seeks to extend liability beyond the guaranty’s clear language.
- A “continuing” guaranty can cover future transactions over time, but it does not necessarily cover obligations of a different legal debtor created by merger unless the guaranty states it applies to successors, assigns, or surviving entities.
- When a creditor intends a guaranty to remain effective after corporate reorganizations (including merger), the creditor can draft the guaranty to expressly cover successor entities; silence on that point may limit enforcement to the named debtor.
- Summary judgment is appropriate where the guaranty’s language and the merger’s effect on the debtor’s corporate identity leave no genuine dispute that the guaranty does not reach the post-merger debt.

## Conclusion

The Court of Appeals held that Carothers’s continuing guaranty, written to secure amounts owed by Lake Street, did not extend to debts incurred after Lake Street merged and ceased to exist as a separate corporation; the court therefore affirmed summary judgment for Carothers on Loving’s claim to recover the post-merger debt.


Loving & Associates v. Carothers, 619 N.W.2d 782 (2000)