## Facts

- Florence R. Elbert, a Louisiana citizen, was injured in an automobile accident in Shreveport, Louisiana, allegedly caused by the negligence of Mrs. S. W. Bowen, also a Louisiana citizen.
- Lumbermen’s Mutual Casualty Company, an Illinois corporation authorized to do business in Louisiana, issued a liability policy covering Mr. Bowen and members of his household for negligent operation of the family car.
- The policy was applied for, issued, and delivered in Louisiana.
- As a condition of doing business in Louisiana, the insurer consented to being sued directly for damages arising from Louisiana accidents involving its insureds.
- Louisiana’s Direct Action Statute (La. Rev. Stat. § 22:655) authorized an injured person to sue the insurer directly, either alone or jointly with the insured.
- Elbert filed suit in the U.S. District Court for the Western District of Louisiana against the insurer alone, alleging diversity of citizenship (Louisiana v. Illinois) and an amount in controversy exceeding $3,000.
- The alleged tortfeasor, Mrs. Bowen, was not joined as a defendant.

## Issues

1. Whether a federal district court has diversity jurisdiction under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) over a Louisiana direct action brought against an insurer alone when the plaintiff and insurer are diverse, but the plaintiff and alleged tortfeasor are not.
2. Whether the alleged tortfeasor is an indispensable party whose nonjoinder defeats federal jurisdiction in such a direct action.
3. Whether a federal court may decline to exercise jurisdiction over such a direct action based on differences between state and federal appellate review of jury verdicts.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court affirmed the Fifth Circuit and held that the federal district court had diversity jurisdiction over the direct action against the insurer alone.
- The Court concluded that the case fell within the plain terms of § 1332(a) because the plaintiff and the insurer were citizens of different states and the amount in controversy requirement was satisfied.
- The Court rejected the insurer’s argument that the nonjoined tortfeasor’s citizenship should defeat jurisdiction.
- The Court held the alleged tortfeasor was not an indispensable party under Louisiana practice or federal standards.
- The Court held federal courts should not refuse jurisdiction in such cases as a matter of discretion merely because state and federal courts differ in standards of appellate review of jury verdicts.

## Legal Principles

- When a state direct-action statute creates a separate cause of action against an insurer and permits suit against the insurer alone, diversity under 28 U.S.C. § 1332(a) is determined by the citizenship of the plaintiff and the insurer (and the amount in controversy), without regard to the citizenship of a nonjoined tortfeasor.
- A tortfeasor need not be joined in a direct action authorized against the insurer alone and is not an indispensable party solely because the insurer’s liability depends on the insured’s alleged negligence.
- Federal courts generally must exercise properly invoked diversity jurisdiction and may not decline it based on perceived procedural or review differences between state and federal courts.

## Conclusion

A Louisiana federal court has diversity jurisdiction over a direct action against an insurer alone when the plaintiff and insurer are diverse and the jurisdictional amount is met; the nonjoined tortfeasor’s shared citizenship with the plaintiff does not defeat jurisdiction, and the tortfeasor is not indispensable.


Lumbermen's Mut. Cas. Co. v. Elbert, 348 U.S. 48 (1954)