## Facts

- In late 2015, Luna Innovations Incorporated (Luna), a manufacturer of optical technologies, negotiated to sell fiber‑optic testing equipment and related software to Verner Science, Inc. (Verner), a merchant dealing in electronic test equipment in Taiwan.
- On December 15, 2015, Luna sent Verner a written price quote for the requested equipment and software totaling $119,500, with a $24,500 discount (total $95,000) if Verner’s purchase order was received by close of business on December 16, 2015. The quote did not specify a shipping date.
- On December 16, 2015, Verner sent Luna a purchase order that differed from the quote in several ways, including: (i) omitting certain quoted software/features, (ii) stating a purchase price of $78,000, and (iii) listing the shipping date as “by advice,” meaning shipment would occur when Verner notified Luna it was ready.
- Luna responded with its own sales order acknowledging the transaction but listing a shipping date of on or before January 15, 2016.
- The parties continued to communicate about shipping, with Luna maintaining that shipment had to occur before the end of 2015, while Verner maintained that shipment would occur only when Verner later advised Luna to ship.
- Luna shipped the goods on December 31, 2015, and stated it would not accept a return of the shipment.
- Verner returned the goods in March 2016.
- Luna sued Verner in federal court seeking payment of the purchase price. Verner argued no contract was formed because Verner never instructed Luna to ship the goods and maintained it objected to the shipment.

## Issues

1. Whether Verner was entitled to judgment as a matter of law that no enforceable sales contract was formed given the parties’ differing forms and communications about shipment timing.
2. Whether Verner’s asserted objection to shipment (and later return of the goods) defeated Luna’s claim as a matter of law at the judgment‑on‑the‑pleadings/summary‑judgment stage.
3. Whether disputes about the meaning and effect of the parties’ forms and communications required the case to proceed beyond dispositive motion practice.

## Decision

- The court treated Verner’s amended motion for judgment on the pleadings as a motion for summary judgment because the parties relied on materials outside the pleadings.
- The court denied Verner’s motion.
- The court found that the record presented genuine disputes of fact concerning contract formation and the effect of Verner’s alleged objection/rejection, making judgment as a matter of law improper.

## Legal Principles

- When matters outside the pleadings are considered on a Rule 12(c) motion, the court may convert the motion to one for summary judgment and apply Rule 56 standards.
- Summary judgment cannot be granted when the evidence allows competing reasonable inferences on facts that determine liability.
- In merchant sales transactions governed by the U.C.C., exchanged writings with differing terms and subsequent conduct may create a contract even when the forms do not match; disputes about which terms govern (including shipment timing) can present fact questions.
- Whether a buyer’s communications amount to a timely and effective objection or rejection, and the legal consequences of a return of goods, may depend on disputed facts and therefore may not be resolvable as a matter of law on an undeveloped record.

## Conclusion

The court denied Verner’s dispositive motion because the quote, purchase order, sales order, and subsequent communications created fact disputes about whether the parties formed a binding U.C.C. contract, what shipping terms controlled, and whether Verner’s claimed objection and later return of the goods barred Luna’s suit for the purchase price.


Luna Innovations Inc. v. Verner Science, Inc., 2017 WL 1498108 (2017)