## Facts

- On May 2, 2006, Eduardo Matos was injured when the concrete truck he was driving overturned in Mahogany Run on St. Thomas, U.S. Virgin Islands.
- Eduardo Matos and his wife, Santa Matos, sued Nextran, Inc. and Mack Truck Sales of South Florida, alleging the defendants manufactured and/or sold the truck involved in the rollover.
- The complaint asserted six counts: (1) negligence, (2) breach of the implied warranty of fitness for a particular purpose, (3) strict liability, (4) breach of the implied warranty of merchantability, (5) loss of consortium, and (6) punitive damages.
- Rather than restate the same factual allegations in each count, the complaint incorporated earlier factual allegations by reference into later counts.
- After a prior Rule 12(b)(2) personal-jurisdiction challenge was denied, Nextran moved to dismiss under Rule 12(b)(6) and, alternatively, moved to strike under Rule 12(f) or for a more definite statement under Rule 12(e).

## Issues

1. Whether the complaint, as pleaded, stated claims sufficient to survive Rule 12(b)(6) for negligence, strict liability, breach of implied warranties (merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose), and loss of consortium.
2. Whether “punitive damages” may be pleaded as an independent count, or whether that count should be dismissed at the Rule 12(b)(6) stage.
3. Whether the complaint’s use of incorporation by reference made the pleading so vague or ambiguous that a more definite statement was warranted under Rule 12(e).
4. Whether any challenged allegations (including damages allegations and brief references to illegality) should be stricken as improper under Rule 12(f).

## Decision

- The court **granted in part and denied in part** Nextran’s Rule 12(b)(6) motion.
- The court **denied** Nextran’s Rule 12(e) motion for a more definite statement, concluding the complaint gave enough notice for Nextran to answer and that incorporation by reference did not make the pleading unintelligible.
- The court **denied** Nextran’s Rule 12(f) motion to strike, finding the challenged material was not so unrelated to the dispute or so prejudicial as to warrant striking at the pleading stage.
- The court held the **negligence allegations were sufficient** at the pleading stage and allowed that claim to proceed.
- The court found the **implied-warranty claims were inadequately pleaded**, but permitted plaintiffs **leave to amend** to attempt to plead the required elements.
- The court **dismissed the standalone “punitive damages” count**, treating punitive damages as a form of relief rather than a separate cause of action.
- The loss-of-consortium claim was treated as **derivative**, proceeding only to the extent an underlying substantive claim remained viable.

## Legal Principles

- On a Rule 12(b)(6) motion, the court accepts well-pleaded factual allegations as true and draws reasonable inferences in the plaintiff’s favor, but the complaint must still contain enough factual matter to state a plausible claim for relief under the Twombly/Iqbal standard.
- Rule 8(a) requires a short and plain statement showing entitlement to relief; it is designed to provide notice of the claim and its basis, not to require proof or detailed evidence in the complaint.
- Incorporation by reference of factual allegations into later counts is allowed and does not, by itself, justify relief under Rule 12(e) so long as the defendant can reasonably prepare a response.
- Rule 12(e) is aimed at unintelligible pleadings; it is not a tool to demand extra detail that can be obtained through discovery.
- Rule 12(f) motions to strike are generally disfavored and are granted only when the challenged material has no possible relation to the case or would cause unfair prejudice if left in the pleading.
- Implied-warranty claims (merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose) require allegations addressing the elements of those warranties; conclusory statements of “breach” without facts supporting the warranties’ application and breach can be insufficient, though amendment may be allowed when defects appear curable.
- “Punitive damages” is commonly treated as a remedy tied to a substantive claim, not an independent count; a separate punitive-damages “cause of action” may be dismissed while leaving open whether punitive damages may be sought as relief if supported by the substantive claims and facts.

## Conclusion

In *Matos v. Nextran, Inc.*, the District Court of the Virgin Islands addressed pre-answer motions attacking the pleadings after a concrete-truck rollover injury. The court held that the complaint was clear enough to answer despite incorporating facts by reference, declined to strike damages-related allegations, allowed the negligence claim to proceed, required the plaintiffs to replead their implied-warranty theories, and dismissed punitive damages as a standalone count because punitive damages are a remedy rather than an independent claim.


Matos v. Nextran, Inc., 2009 WL 2477516 (2009)