## Facts

- Rose McDonald, a pedestrian, was injured at the intersection of Fourth Street and Avenue G in Cedar Rapids, Iowa.
- F.W. Robinson drove west on Avenue G; Max Padzensky drove north on Fourth Street; the vehicles collided near the center of the intersection.
- After the collision, the cars became interlocked and moved northwest; the Padzensky vehicle struck McDonald near the curb, dragged her, and stopped about 56 feet north.
- McDonald alleged serious, permanent injuries.
- McDonald sued Robinson, Max Padzensky (driver), and Dave Padzensky (owner) in one action, alleging each driver’s negligence concurrently caused a single injury.

## Issues

1. Whether defendants whose independent negligent acts concurrently cause a single, indivisible injury may be sued together and held jointly and severally liable absent concerted action or a common design.
2. Whether alleged evidentiary and procedural errors, including admission of statements attributed to Max Padzensky, required reversal due to prejudice to a co-defendant.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court of Iowa affirmed the judgment for McDonald against all defendants.
- The court held that concurrent negligence producing one indivisible injury supports treating the actors as joint tortfeasors for purposes of joinder and liability.
- The court rejected the misjoinder argument and concluded the challenged evidentiary and procedural rulings did not constitute reversible error.

## Legal Principles

- Joint tortfeasor liability may exist without any prior agreement, conspiracy, or common intent; it is sufficient that independent negligent acts combine to cause a single injury.
- When concurrent negligence produces an indivisible harm, the plaintiff may sue defendants jointly in one action and recover jointly or severally against one or more responsible parties.
- Alleged trial errors warrant reversal only if they create reversible prejudice in light of the theory of liability and the record as a whole.

## Conclusion

Because the evidence supported that Robinson’s and Padzensky’s negligence operated concurrently to cause one indivisible injury to McDonald, they were properly joined as joint tortfeasors and could be held jointly and severally liable; no asserted evidentiary or procedural error required a new trial.


McDonald v. Robinson, 207 Iowa 1293, 224 N.W. 820 (Iowa 1929)