## Facts

- In 2002, M.G. sought a temporary restraining order and an injunction prohibiting harassment against R.D., his former boyfriend.
- M.G. offered into evidence multiple emails allegedly sent by R.D. that threatened to distribute sexually explicit videos the two had made together.
- The emails threatened to send the videos to M.G.’s friends and to M.G.’s Marine Corps unit.
- M.G. testified he felt threatened by R.D.’s conduct and moved in with friends because he no longer felt safe living alone.
- A witness with technical training testified that 14 of the emails M.G. received were sent from R.D.’s computer.
- R.D. denied writing or sending the emails and claimed someone else had accessed his computer.
- R.D. could not identify who supposedly accessed the computer or explain how any unauthorized access occurred.
- The trial court stated there was no direct evidence that R.D. personally authored the emails but found the emails constituted harassment and originated from R.D.’s computer.
- The trial court ordered R.D. to cease harassing behavior and to stay at least 100 yards away from M.G.
- R.D. appealed, arguing M.G. failed to prove harassment by clear and convincing evidence and that the order violated the First Amendment.

## Issues

1. Whether clear and convincing evidence supported a civil harassment injunction when the primary proof tying the threatening emails to R.D. was circumstantial (emails traced to R.D.’s computer) rather than direct proof of authorship.
2. Whether the civil harassment injunction violated R.D.’s First Amendment rights by restricting communications and contact with M.G.

## Decision

- The trial court granted injunctive relief, finding the threatening emails constituted harassment and were sent from R.D.’s computer, and ordered R.D. to stop harassing M.G. and remain at least 100 yards away.
- The Court of Appeal affirmed, concluding the evidence was sufficient under the clear-and-convincing standard and rejecting the First Amendment challenge.

## Legal Principles

- A civil harassment injunction may issue when harassment is shown by clear and convincing evidence; the trier of fact may rely on circumstantial proof and reasonable inferences.
- Electronic communications may be linked to a respondent through technical evidence showing the messages originated from the respondent’s computer, even if there is no direct admission of authorship.
- When a respondent claims a third party sent the messages, the court may reject that claim if it is unsupported or speculative, particularly where the respondent cannot explain who had access or how access was gained.
- Threats aimed at causing fear or substantial emotional distress—such as threats to distribute sexually explicit private material to the target’s friends or workplace/military unit—may constitute harassing conduct warranting injunctive relief.
- An order requiring a respondent to cease harassing conduct and maintain a set distance from the protected person can be consistent with the First Amendment when it is directed at preventing harassment and protecting safety rather than suppressing protected expression.

## Conclusion

In *M.G. v. R.D.*, the Court of Appeal upheld a civil harassment restraining order where multiple threatening emails were traced to the respondent’s computer and the respondent offered no supported explanation for third-party access; the court also held that restraining the respondent from harassing and approaching the petitioner did not violate the First Amendment because the order targeted harassing conduct and personal safety.


M.G. v. R.D., 2003 WL 21129878 (2003)