## Facts

- Detroit police responded around 3:25 a.m. to a report of a shooting and found Anthony Covington in a gas-station parking lot with a gunshot wound and in severe distress.
- Officers questioned Covington for roughly 5–10 minutes about what happened, who shot him, and where the shooting occurred.
- Covington identified “Rick” (Richard Perry Bryant) as the shooter and stated the shooting occurred at Bryant’s house as Covington turned to leave after speaking at the door.
- Covington drove himself to the gas station and died a few hours later at the hospital.
- Bryant was charged and convicted in Michigan state court of second-degree murder and related firearm offenses.
- At trial, the prosecution introduced officers’ testimony recounting Covington’s statements because Covington was unavailable.
- The Michigan Supreme Court reversed, concluding the statements were testimonial and inadmissible absent prior cross-examination.

## Issues

1. Whether Covington’s statements to responding police officers identifying the shooter and describing the shooting were “testimonial” under the Sixth Amendment Confrontation Clause.
2. Whether, under an objective “primary purpose” test, the interrogation’s primary purpose was to address an ongoing emergency or to establish past events for later prosecution.

## Decision

- The U.S. Supreme Court reversed the Michigan Supreme Court.
- The Court held Covington’s statements were nontestimonial because, viewed objectively, the primary purpose of the exchange was to enable police to meet an ongoing emergency.
- Because the statements were nontestimonial, their admission through officers’ testimony did not violate the Confrontation Clause.
- Justice Thomas concurred in the judgment on the ground that the statements lacked the formality required for Confrontation Clause coverage.
- Justice Scalia dissented, arguing the questioning sought a narrative of past events and should be treated as testimonial.

## Legal Principles

- The Confrontation Clause bars admission of testimonial hearsay from an unavailable declarant unless the defendant had a prior opportunity for cross-examination.
- Whether statements to law enforcement are testimonial depends on an objective assessment of the circumstances and the parties’ statements and actions.
- Statements are generally nontestimonial when made during police questioning whose primary purpose is to enable assistance to meet an ongoing emergency; they are generally testimonial when the primary purpose is to establish or prove past events for later prosecution.
- The scope of an “ongoing emergency” can include threats to police and the public, particularly where an armed assailant’s location is unknown.
- Relevant circumstances include the informality of the encounter, the victim’s medical condition, the fluidity of the situation, and whether the questions were aimed at resolving immediate safety concerns.

## Conclusion

The Court held that a mortally wounded victim’s on-scene identification of his shooter to responding officers was nontestimonial because the exchange primarily served an emergency-response function in a situation presenting continuing public-safety risk, making the statements admissible without prior cross-examination.


Michigan v. Bryant, 562 U.S. 344 (2011)