## Facts

- Missouri law defined first-degree robbery “by means of a dangerous and deadly weapon” and separately defined “armed criminal action” for committing any felony “through the use of a dangerous or deadly weapon.”
- The armed criminal action statute required a sentence of at least three years “in addition to any punishment provided by law for the felony.”
- Danny Hunter robbed a supermarket while armed with a revolver.
- Hunter was convicted in one trial of (1) first-degree robbery by means of a dangerous and deadly weapon and (2) armed criminal action based on the same robbery.
- The trial court imposed concurrent sentences of 10 years (robbery) and 15 years (armed criminal action).

## Issues

1. Whether the Double Jeopardy Clause bars cumulative punishments in a single trial for first-degree robbery and armed criminal action arising from the same conduct.
2. Whether the Blockburger “same offense” test prevents cumulative punishments when the legislature has clearly authorized additional punishment for the weapon-based offense.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court reversed the Missouri Court of Appeals.
- The Court held that imposing punishments for both first-degree robbery and armed criminal action in a single trial did not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause.
- The Court concluded that the Missouri legislature clearly authorized cumulative punishment because the armed criminal action statute mandated punishment “in addition to” the punishment for the underlying felony.
- The Court explained that, where legislative authorization is clear, courts may impose cumulative punishments even if the statutes would be treated as the same offense under Blockburger.

## Legal Principles

- In the single-trial multiple-punishments context, the Double Jeopardy Clause prevents only sentences greater than those the legislature intended.
- The Blockburger test is a rule of statutory construction used to infer legislative intent when intent is unclear; it is not a constitutional rule that overrides explicit legislative authorization.
- When a legislature specifically authorizes cumulative punishment under two statutes, courts must give effect to that authorization and may impose separate punishments in a single proceeding.

## Conclusion

Because Missouri expressly required punishment for armed criminal action to be imposed in addition to punishment for the underlying felony, cumulative sentences for robbery and armed criminal action in one trial were within legislative intent and did not violate the Double Jeopardy Clause.


Missouri v. Hunter, 459 U.S. 359 (1983)