## Facts

- Robert Mitchell, a Hispanic prisoner in California, sued the California Department of Corrections and Rehabilitation (CDCR) under 42 U.S.C. § 1983 in federal court.
- Mitchell alleged CDCR used a race-based policy for lockdowns and “modified programs”: if a lockdown was imposed in response to an incident involving prisoners of one race, CDCR would lock down all prisoners of that race, without individualized determinations of involvement or threat.
- A lockdown restricted movement and activities, including confinement to cells and limits on programming; plaintiffs alleged lockdowns could last from hours to more than a year.
- Mitchell alleged the race-based practice violated the Fourteenth Amendment’s Equal Protection Clause and that extended restrictive conditions were imposed without adequate process in violation of due process.
- The district court certified a statewide class of male prisoners who were or would be subjected to CDCR’s modified program and lockdown practices.
- The court denied CDCR’s motion for summary judgment on several class claims, leaving core class issues for further litigation.
- After extensive discovery and arm’s-length negotiations, the parties reached a settlement resolving the class claims for declaratory and injunctive relief.
- The United States Department of Justice filed a Statement of Interest during the litigation arguing that race-based lockdown practices are subject to strict scrutiny and are constitutionally doubtful where workable alternatives exist.
- The parties jointly requested final approval of the class settlement under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e).

## Issues

1. Whether the proposed classwide settlement of injunctive and declaratory claims was fair, reasonable, and adequate under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e) and therefore should receive final court approval.

## Decision

- The district court granted final approval of the class action settlement.
- The court found the settlement fair, reasonable, and adequate under Rule 23(e), based on the record, the stage of the case and discovery, the views of counsel, the risks and costs of continued litigation, and the reaction of class members after notice.
- Under the approved settlement, CDCR agreed to change its lockdown decision-making so that lockdowns would be based on:
  - locking down all prisoners within a defined geographic area when needed for security purposes, or
  - restricting specific prisoners based on an individualized threat assessment using an agreed point system.
- The settlement further required that if a lockdown lasted more than 14 days, the warden would create a plan to allow affected prisoners access to outdoor activities as part of the lockdown, consistent with security needs.
- The court approved the settlement as a complete package for classwide injunctive relief rather than as separate, severable provisions.

## Legal Principles

- Under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 23(e), a certified class’s claims may be settled only with court approval, and final approval requires a finding that the settlement is fair, reasonable, and adequate.
- In evaluating a proposed class settlement, courts in the Ninth Circuit consider factors commonly stated in cases such as *Hanlon v. Chrysler Corp.*, including: the strength of plaintiffs’ case; the risk, expense, complexity, and likely duration of further litigation; the risk of maintaining class status through trial; the stage of proceedings and extent of discovery; counsel’s views and experience; the reaction of class members; and any government participation relevant to the issues.
- A settlement reached after serious, informed, non-collusive negotiations between experienced counsel may receive a presumption of fairness, though the court must still conduct an independent review under Rule 23(e).
- Courts evaluate the settlement as a whole; approval is not based on selecting preferred clauses while disregarding the remainder.
- Although final approval does not decide the merits, the court may weigh litigation risks and the value of prompt, enforceable injunctive relief when deciding whether the compromise is within the range of reasonableness.

## Conclusion

In *Mitchell v. Cate*, the Eastern District of California granted final approval of a certified prisoner class settlement that replaced CDCR’s race-based lockdown approach with geographically based lockdowns or individualized threat-based restrictions and required planning for outdoor access when lockdowns exceeded 14 days, concluding the agreement satisfied Rule 23(e)’s fairness standard.


Mitchell v. Cate, 2:08–cv–01196–TLN–EFB (2016)