## Facts

- Mrs. Mitchell stood on a Main Street crosswalk in Rochester, New York, waiting to board a horse-drawn streetcar that had stopped for passengers.
- Another streetcar operated by Rochester Railway approached rapidly, turned, and stopped extremely close to her, leaving her positioned near and between the horses’ heads.
- She was not struck by the car or horses and alleged no direct physical contact.
- She claimed the fright and emotional shock from the near encounter caused her to lose consciousness, suffer a miscarriage, and experience subsequent illness.
- Medical testimony indicated that mental shock could cause the type of physical consequences she reported.

## Issues

1. Whether a plaintiff may recover in negligence for physical injuries allegedly caused by fright or emotional shock when there is no contemporaneous bodily impact or immediate personal injury.

## Decision

- The New York Court of Appeals held that damages are not recoverable for injuries sustained from fright caused by another’s negligence when there is no immediate personal injury.
- The court reversed the disposition allowing the claim to proceed and effectively reinstated a nonsuit for the defendant.

## Legal Principles

- Negligence liability does not extend to physical ailments alleged to result solely from fright absent contemporaneous bodily impact or immediate personal injury.
- Courts may treat claimed injuries traceable only to fright as noncompensable to avoid speculative and easily feigned claims.
- Damages are limited to harms that are the ordinary, natural, and reasonably expected results of the negligent act; unusual physical consequences of fright may be deemed too remote as a matter of law.

## Conclusion

The court denied recovery because the plaintiff’s miscarriage and illness were attributed to fright without any direct bodily impact, and such consequences were treated as legally too remote and too susceptible to speculative proof to support negligence liability.


Mitchell v. Rochester Ry. Co., 151 N.Y. 107 (1896)