## Facts

- Casey J. Moore and his grandmother, Eloise Parmes, held a joint bank account.
- Parmes received monthly widow’s benefits from the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) by direct deposit into that account.
- Parmes died, but for approximately a year and a half after her death the VA continued to deposit monthly benefit payments into the account.
- The post-death deposits totaled $15,212.
- Moore did not notify the VA that Parmes had died.
- During the period of continued deposits, Moore transferred the deposited funds into a business account he controlled and wrote checks totaling roughly $14,000.
- After the VA learned Parmes had died, Moore was indicted in Texas state court for theft based on his taking and use of the VA funds.
- A jury found Moore guilty.
- On appeal, Moore argued the evidence did not prove he intended to steal, asserting he used some funds to move and store Parmes’s belongings and that he did not know he had to notify the VA or that he could not spend the funds.

## Issues

1. Whether the evidence was legally sufficient to prove beyond a reasonable doubt that Moore committed theft of the VA funds, including that he unlawfully appropriated property without the owner’s effective consent and with intent to deprive.
2. Whether the evidence was factually sufficient (under then-existing Texas review) to support the jury’s theft verdict in light of Moore’s claimed lack of intent and claimed use of some funds for his grandmother’s belongings.

## Decision

- The Court of Appeals of Texas, Second District (Fort Worth), affirmed the judgment of conviction.
- The court held the evidence was legally sufficient for a rational jury to find the elements of theft, including intent to deprive, based on Moore’s conduct after Parmes’s death and his use of the deposited funds.
- The court also held the evidence was factually sufficient; the jury’s verdict was not clearly wrong or manifestly unjust when all evidence was considered.
- Moore’s arguments that he believed he could use the money or that he spent some of it on storage and moving costs did not require reversal because the jury could reject his explanation and infer intent from the surrounding circumstances.

## Legal Principles

- To prove theft under Texas Penal Code § 31.03, the State must show an unlawful appropriation of property without the owner’s effective consent, with intent to deprive the owner of the property.
- “Intent to deprive” may be proven by circumstantial evidence, and the factfinder may infer intent from actions such as concealing the source of funds, transferring funds to an account under the defendant’s control, and spending funds for personal or business purposes.
- Legal sufficiency review asks whether, viewing the evidence in the light most favorable to the verdict, any rational factfinder could have found the offense’s elements beyond a reasonable doubt.
- At the time of this decision, factual sufficiency review in Texas criminal cases required a neutral review of all the evidence to decide whether the verdict was clearly wrong and manifestly unjust or against the great weight and preponderance of the evidence.
- The jury is the judge of witness credibility and may accept or reject a defendant’s account of his intent; appellate courts do not reweigh credibility choices when the record supports the verdict.

## Conclusion

The Fort Worth Court of Appeals affirmed Moore’s theft conviction, concluding that the jury could rationally find he unlawfully appropriated VA widow-benefit funds deposited after his grandmother’s death and intended to deprive the VA of that money, and that the verdict was supported under both legal and factual sufficiency review.


Moore v. State, 2009 WL 1996290 (2009)