## Facts

- Alec Naiman, a deaf individual who primarily used American Sign Language, sought emergency-room care at New York University Medical Center (operated by New York University) four times (twice in 1993 and twice in 1995).
- On each visit, he requested a sign-language interpreter to communicate with medical staff about symptoms, treatment, and consent.
- The hospital provided no interpreter on the first and third visits.
- On the second visit, the hospital eventually provided a person with minimal sign-language ability who was largely unable to understand Naiman.
- On the fourth visit, the hospital did not provide an interpreter in a timely manner.
- Naiman alleged these failures prevented effective communication and meaningful participation in his medical care.
- He sued for injunctive and monetary relief under Title III of the ADA, § 504 of the Rehabilitation Act, and related New York law.

## Issues

1. Whether Naiman alleged a real and immediate threat of future injury sufficient for Article III standing to seek injunctive relief under Title III of the ADA.
2. Whether the pleaded facts plausibly stated claims that the hospital failed to provide auxiliary aids/services necessary for effective communication under the ADA, the Rehabilitation Act, and parallel state law.

## Decision

- The court denied the motion to dismiss the request for injunctive relief.
- The court held that, at the pleading stage, Naiman’s repeated emergency-room visits and repeated communication failures plausibly supported a likelihood of future harm if he again needed emergency care there.
- The court treated the alleged repeated failures to provide timely, qualified interpreter services as sufficient to proceed on the theory of ineffective communication under the ADA and Rehabilitation Act.

## Legal Principles

- A plaintiff seeking prospective injunctive relief must plead a real and immediate threat of being wronged again; past harm alone is insufficient, but repeated past incidents may support an inference of likely recurrence.
- Under ADA Title III, a place of public accommodation must take necessary steps to ensure individuals with disabilities are not denied services because of the absence of appropriate auxiliary aids and services, absent undue burden or fundamental alteration.
- Auxiliary aids must be sufficient to provide effective communication; providing no interpreter, an unqualified interpreter, or an untimely interpreter may constitute ineffective communication.
- In private Title III actions, injunctive relief is the principal remedy aimed at preventing future violations.

## Conclusion

The court allowed the case to proceed past the pleading stage, holding that the complaint plausibly alleged both ineffective communication through repeated interpreter failures and a non-speculative likelihood of future injury supporting Article III standing for injunctive relief.


Naiman v. N.Y. Univ., No. 95 Civ. 6469 (LMM), 1997 WL 249970 (S.D.N.Y. May 13, 1997)