## Facts

- Newlin Machinery Corporation sold heavy construction machinery to political subdivisions in Missouri and Kansas using deferred-payment “lease” or lease-purchase arrangements.
- For fiscal years ending June 30, 1952 and 1953, Newlin excluded from gross income $7,934.92 and $5,102.25 as tax-exempt interest from political subdivisions under § 22(b)(4) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1939.
- The Commissioner determined income and excess profits tax deficiencies of $5,966.19 (1952) and $8,383.36 (1953) and disallowed part of the claimed interest exclusions.
- The disputed amounts were separated into two categories:
  - Transactions with political subdivisions not evidenced by a written instrument that, on its face, required the subdivision to pay interest (approximately $3,400 for 1952 and $2,600 for 1953).
  - Transactions with Kansas political subdivisions evidenced by signed purchase orders that expressly stated interest on deferred installments (approximately $2,800 for 1952 and $1,000 for 1953).
- Newlin asserted it charged 6% interest as a business policy and treated portions of payments as interest in its records.
- The Commissioner argued that the Kansas purchase-order obligations were not valid governmental obligations due to Kansas budget/debt limitations.
- Newlin also claimed deductions for additions to a reserve for bad debts; the Commissioner reduced the allowable additions as excessive.

## Issues

1. Whether amounts received from political subdivisions were excludable as “interest upon the obligations” of political subdivisions under § 22(b)(4) of the 1939 Code when no written instrument facially obligated the subdivision to pay interest.
2. Whether interest stated in signed purchase orders from Kansas political subdivisions was excludable under § 22(b)(4) despite asserted state-law budget or debt-limit concerns.
3. Whether the Commissioner properly reduced Newlin’s deductible additions to its reserve for bad debts for the two fiscal years.

## Decision

- The court denied the § 22(b)(4) exclusion for amounts attributable to transactions lacking a written obligation that, on its face, provided for the payment of interest.
- The court allowed the § 22(b)(4) exclusion for amounts attributable to transactions evidenced by signed purchase orders expressly providing for interest on deferred payments.
- The court rejected the Commissioner’s state-law invalidity theory on the record presented, finding no concrete evidence that the Kansas subdivisions exceeded budget/cash limitations or that the obligations were void.
- The court sustained the Commissioner’s determination reducing Newlin’s additions to its bad-debt reserve.

## Legal Principles

- Interest is excludable under § 22(b)(4) only if it is interest paid on an obligation of a state or political subdivision.
- A taxpayer must show a clear, legally enforceable governmental obligation to pay interest; internal policies and accounting allocations do not establish tax-exempt “interest” absent a written interest commitment by the governmental unit.
- Written municipal installment or lease-purchase instruments that expressly state interest can constitute governmental “obligations” for § 22(b)(4) purposes, absent proof that the instruments are void under state law.
- The Commissioner’s determination of the reasonable addition to a bad-debt reserve is presumptively correct and is sustained unless the taxpayer proves an abuse of discretion.

## Conclusion

The Tax Court held that only interest expressly required by written purchase-order obligations of political subdivisions qualified for exclusion under § 22(b)(4), disallowed exclusions where no written interest obligation existed, and upheld the Commissioner’s reductions to the corporation’s bad-debt reserve additions.


Newlin Mach. Corp. v. Comm’r of Internal Revenue, 28 T.C. 837 (1957)