## Facts

- An Alabama-licensed insurance agent worked from an insurer’s office and sold a combined package to a city: group health coverage through a separate health insurer and individual life policies through the insurer.
- City employees paid health premiums through payroll deductions; the city sent monthly checks to the agent at the insurer’s office.
- The agent failed to forward most health premiums to the health insurer and misappropriated the funds.
- Lapse notices for the health coverage were sent to the employees in care of the agent and the insurer’s supervising agent; the notices were not forwarded, and employees remained unaware of cancellation.
- One employee incurred substantial medical bills after hospitalization when coverage could not be verified and she had to pay upon discharge.
- Employees sued the agent and the insurer for fraud and sought to hold the insurer liable under respondeat superior.

## Issues

1. Whether due process is violated by holding an insurer vicariously liable (including punitive damages) for an agent’s intentional fraud committed within the scope of apparent authority.
2. Whether Alabama’s common-law punitive-damages scheme, permitting broad jury discretion without a statutory cap but subject to judicial and appellate review, violates the Due Process Clause.

## Decision

- The Court affirmed the judgment against the insurer.
- Vicarious liability for compensatory and punitive damages based on the agent’s fraud within apparent authority did not violate due process because the rule rationally furthered the state interest in discouraging fraud and was not fundamentally unfair.
- The punitive-damages award did not violate due process as applied because Alabama’s procedures supplied sufficient guidance to the jury and meaningful post-verdict review.
- The Court declined to hold that the common-law method of assessing punitive damages is unconstitutional per se, while recognizing that unconstrained discretion can raise due process concerns.

## Legal Principles

- A state may, consistent with due process, impose respondeat superior liability (including punitive damages) for an agent’s intentional fraud committed within the agent’s apparent authority when the rule rationally serves legitimate state interests such as deterring fraud.
- Common-law punitive damages are not per se unconstitutional under the Fourteenth Amendment; due process requires protections against arbitrary and grossly excessive awards.
- Due process analysis of punitive damages considers whether the defendant received adequate notice and whether the legal system provides reasonable standards and meaningful judicial review.
- Layered safeguards—purpose-focused jury instructions, post-trial trial-court scrutiny using articulated factors (including reprehensibility and punitive-to-compensatory relationship), and appellate excessiveness review—can satisfy due process without fixed caps or a rigid numerical formula.

## Conclusion

The Court upheld the insurer’s vicarious liability for its agent’s fraud and sustained the punitive-damages award, holding that Alabama’s jury guidance and structured post-verdict judicial and appellate review provided sufficient due process constraints on punitive damages.


Pacific Mut. Life Ins. Co. v. Haslip, 499 U.S. 1 (1991)