## Facts

- George H. Ashley managed Life’s Estate, Ltd., a corporation operating a membership-based social or philosophical club, and exercised full authority over its affairs.
- Ashley persuaded two elderly women, Mattie Russ and Maude Neal, to give him large sums of money as purported loans to be secured by specific real-property interests.
- Russ gave Ashley $3,000 after he represented that he owned certain properties, that a theater was being built, and that she would receive a first mortgage or trust deed as security; the money was deposited into the corporation’s account, and the promised security was not provided.
- Neal gave Ashley $13,590 and later $4,470 after he represented that funds were needed to exercise an option to purchase a theater, that the business was highly valuable, and that her money would be secured by a trust deed on the theater to be acquired; the money was deposited into the corporation’s account, and the promised security was not provided.
- Evidence showed the corporation was in poor financial condition and that Ashley used corporate resources for personal benefit; the promised theater projects did not occur.
- Neal testified Ashley intimidated her, including placing a gun on his desk and warning her against “monkey business.”
- A jury convicted Ashley of four counts of grand theft under California Penal Code § 484 based on the transfers from Russ and Neal; the trial court denied a motion for new trial.

## Issues

1. Whether a promise made without any intention to perform can constitute a “false pretense” under California Penal Code § 484.
2. Whether the evidence was sufficient to prove theft by false pretenses (intent to defraud, reliance, and causal transfer of property), rather than a mere civil breach of contract or debt.
3. Whether instructing the jury on both theft by false pretenses and larceny by trick (possession vs. title) created prejudicial error on these facts.
4. Whether the statutory corroboration requirement for false pretenses was satisfied beyond the victims’ testimony.
5. Whether asserted procedural errors and claims of prosecutorial or judicial misconduct required reversal.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court dismissed purported appeals from the verdicts and from the order denying a new trial as nonappealable.
- The court affirmed the judgment of conviction on all four grand-theft counts.
- The court held that a promise made without intent to perform is a misrepresentation of an existing fact (the promisor’s state of mind) and may constitute a “false pretense” under Penal Code § 484.
- The court held the evidence supported findings that Ashley made material misrepresentations and false promises, intended to defraud, and that Russ and Neal relied on those representations in transferring their money.
- The court concluded the victims intended to transfer both possession and title to the money (as loans), making false pretenses the fitting theory; any instructional overlap with larceny by trick was not prejudicial, particularly where defendant requested both theories.
- The court found adequate corroboration through documents, third-party evidence, and surrounding circumstances inconsistent with any good-faith intent to perform.
- The court rejected remaining claims of error as lacking merit or prejudice.

## Legal Principles

- Under California Penal Code § 484, theft by false pretenses includes obtaining property through a false promise made without intent to perform, because the promisor’s present intent is an existing fact.
- A mere breach of promise is not criminal; the crime is established when the promise was made with fraudulent intent at the outset and materially induced the victim’s transfer of property.
- False pretenses requires that the victim, in reliance on the misrepresentation, intends to transfer title (not merely possession); larceny by trick involves transfer of possession only.
- Conviction for false pretenses requires corroboration beyond the victim’s testimony, which may be supplied by documents, third-party testimony, and circumstances showing the falsity and fraudulent intent.

## Conclusion

The court sustained Ashley’s grand-theft convictions, ruling that fraudulent promises can be actionable false pretenses when made without intent to perform and when corroborated by independent evidence showing intent to defraud and victim reliance leading to a transfer of title.


People v. Ashley, 42 Cal. 2d 246, 267 P.2d 271 (Cal. 1954)