## Facts

- Joaquin Barnes, the defendant, and Marsha M., the complainant, were neighbors and acquaintances for about four years.
- Late at night on May 27, 1982, Barnes called Marsha repeatedly and persuaded her to come to his house around 1:00 a.m. to buy marijuana and have drinks; she said she intended to buy marijuana and leave.
- Inside a room off the garage, they smoked marijuana; Barnes offered cocaine, which Marsha refused, and she repeatedly said she needed to leave.
- Barnes began hugging Marsha; she pushed him away and told him to stop, but he persisted, and she attempted to leave.
- At the gate, Barnes acted as if it was locked, yelled and cursed at her for trying to leave, “reared back” as if to hit her, displayed his muscles, and made statements Marsha understood as threats of physical violence.
- Barnes led Marsha back inside on the pretext of getting his shoes; when she moved toward the door, he pressed it closed to block her exit.
- Barnes demanded that Marsha remove her clothes; when she refused, he warned physically and verbally that refusal would make him angry, causing her to fear immediate bodily harm and believe she would not be allowed to leave.
- Marsha submitted to intercourse because she feared violence if she resisted; after intercourse she eventually left around 4:00 a.m. and reported the incident later that day.
- At trial, Barnes testified the encounter was consensual and denied threatening Marsha.
- A jury convicted Barnes of rape by force or fear (Cal. Penal Code § 261(2)) and false imprisonment (Cal. Penal Code § 236).
- The Court of Appeal reversed for insufficient evidence, relying on Marsha’s lack of “measurable resistance” and lack of corroboration; the California Supreme Court granted review.

## Issues

1. Whether substantial evidence supported rape by force or fear under Cal. Penal Code § 261(2) despite minimal physical resistance and lack of corroborating evidence.
2. Whether the 1980 amendment to § 261 eliminated any legal requirement of victim resistance for rape by force or fear.
3. Whether substantial evidence supported the false imprisonment conviction under Cal. Penal Code § 236.
4. How appellate courts must conduct substantial-evidence review in rape cases, including treatment of credibility and corroboration.

## Decision

- The California Supreme Court reversed the Court of Appeal and reinstated the trial court’s judgments of conviction for rape and false imprisonment.
- The court held the complainant’s testimony provided substantial evidence that intercourse was accomplished against her will by force or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury.
- The court held the 1980 amendment to § 261 eliminated any resistance requirement; lack of “measurable resistance” cannot justify reversal for insufficient evidence.
- The court held the false imprisonment conviction was supported by evidence Barnes prevented Marsha from leaving through threats, deception, and physical obstruction.
- The court reaffirmed that appellate courts must view evidence in the light most favorable to the judgment and may not reweigh credibility.

## Legal Principles

- Under Cal. Penal Code § 261(2) (as amended in 1980), rape by force or fear does not require the victim to physically resist; the question is whether the act was accomplished against the victim’s will by force or fear of immediate and unlawful bodily injury.
- Submission induced by reasonable fear of immediate bodily harm is not consent; cessation of overt resistance does not convert coerced submission into voluntary agreement.
- A rape conviction may rest on the uncorroborated testimony of the complainant if the jury finds it credible; no special corroboration rule applies.
- On substantial-evidence review, appellate courts must accept all reasonable inferences supporting the verdict and defer to the jury’s credibility determinations.
- False imprisonment is supported by evidence of intentional, nonconsensual restraint of a person’s freedom of movement by threats, physical obstruction, or related coercive conduct.

## Conclusion

The court held that rape by force or fear under California law requires no showing of victim resistance and may be proven by the complainant’s testimony alone if credited by the jury; applying deferential substantial-evidence review, the court reinstated Barnes’s convictions for rape and false imprisonment.


People v. Barnes, 42 Cal. 3d 284 (Cal. 1986)