## Facts

- Maurice Chevalier and Esteban Flores separately shot and killed their wives and were convicted of murder in separate Illinois circuit court trials.
- In each case, the defendant suspected his wife of infidelity and argued with her immediately before the killing.
- Each wife allegedly made verbal statements admitting adultery and made insulting remarks during the confrontation.
- Chevalier claimed his wife’s sexual taunts and admission of infidelity provoked a heat of passion; after the killing, he attempted concealment, including moving the body across state lines.
- Flores claimed his wife’s admission of adultery, including in their marital bed, provoked him to act in sudden passion.
- Both defendants sought jury instructions on voluntary manslaughter based on “serious provocation” under then-applicable Illinois law.
- Chevalier’s trial court gave a voluntary manslaughter instruction, but not in the form he requested; Flores’s trial court refused to instruct on voluntary manslaughter.
- On appeal, each appellate court reversed and ordered a new trial based on instructional error; in Flores, the appellate court also addressed testimony about prior threats that Flores argued was hearsay.

## Issues

1. Whether verbal admissions of adultery and insulting remarks constitute “serious provocation” as a matter of law, requiring a voluntary manslaughter instruction.
2. In Flores’s case, whether admission of certain threat-related testimony was hearsay and, if erroneous, whether it required reversal.

## Decision

- The Illinois Supreme Court consolidated the cases, reversed both appellate court judgments, and affirmed the circuit court judgments, reinstating both murder convictions.
- The Court held that verbal admissions of adultery and insulting remarks are “mere words” and are not legally adequate provocation to reduce murder to voluntary manslaughter.
- The Court held that Flores was not entitled to a voluntary manslaughter instruction on the facts presented, so the trial court properly refused it.
- The Court held that any imperfection in the voluntary manslaughter instruction given in Chevalier did not warrant a new trial because the evidence did not legally support a manslaughter theory.
- The Court found some threat testimony in Flores was hearsay but concluded the error was harmless because it was cumulative and did not affect the outcome.

## Legal Principles

- “Serious provocation” for voluntary manslaughter is a legal threshold that may be resolved as a question of law when the asserted provocation consists only of words.
- Words alone, including humiliating insults and verbal admissions of adultery, do not constitute legally adequate provocation for heat-of-passion voluntary manslaughter.
- The spousal-adultery category of provocation is limited to situations where the defendant discovers the spouse in the act of adultery (or immediately before or after it) and the killing immediately follows that discovery.
- Instructional error is not reversible when the evidence, as a matter of law, does not support giving the requested lesser-offense instruction.
- Erroneous admission of hearsay does not require reversal when the evidence is cumulative and the error is harmless beyond reasonable effect on the verdict.

## Conclusion

The court held that verbal revelations of infidelity and marital taunts are insufficient provocation to support a heat-of-passion voluntary manslaughter instruction, and it reinstated the defendants’ murder convictions, finding any hearsay error in Flores harmless.


People v. Chevalier, 131 Ill. 2d 66, 544 N.E.2d 942 (Ill. 1989)