## Facts

- Flores and an accomplice robbed a residence in Westchester County and fled in a van.
- Two officers, Officer Gary Pagano and Sergeant Eric Halbekath, saw the van and pursued it in a marked police car, leading to a high-speed chase on a highway.
- Civilian motorists observed parts of the pursuit, but both vehicles rounded a curve and went out of the witnesses’ sight.
- When the witnesses came around the curve, they saw the police car had crashed into a truck that had been illegally abandoned on the side of the highway.
- There was no evidence of physical contact or other direct interaction between Flores’s van and the police car immediately before the collision.
- Officer Pagano died, and Sergeant Halbekath suffered serious physical injury.
- Flores was indicted on numerous charges, including second-degree murder (based on the robbery felony-murder theory), manslaughter, assault, and multiple robbery- and property-related offenses.
- After the People rested, Flores moved for a trial order of dismissal under CPL 290.10, arguing the evidence was legally insufficient, especially on the homicide and assault counts tied to the chase.

## Issues

1. Whether the People presented legally sufficient evidence of causation to submit felony-murder and other chase-related homicide/assault counts to the jury when the officers’ harm resulted from their patrol car striking an illegally abandoned truck and there was no proof the defendant caused the crash.
2. Whether the People presented legally sufficient evidence to submit the robbery, burglary, larceny, stolen-property, and weapon counts connected to the underlying robbery.

## Decision

- The court granted the motion to dismiss the counts based on the officers’ death and injury during the pursuit, including the felony-murder theory and related homicide/assault counts, because the People did not present legally sufficient proof that Flores caused the collision.
- The court denied the motion as to the counts tied to the robbery and related property crimes, finding legally sufficient evidence of the elements of those offenses.

## Legal Principles

- Under CPL 290.10, a court may submit a count to the jury only if the People have introduced legally sufficient evidence on each material element; if not, the court must dismiss that count as a matter of law.
- Causation is a material element of homicide offenses and remains required even when the prosecution proceeds under a felony-murder theory.
- For criminal liability, the defendant’s conduct must be shown to be a sufficiently direct cause of the death or injury; a death occurring during “immediate flight” from a felony does not, by itself, establish causation.
- Where the proof shows only that officers were pursuing the defendant and then crashed into a separate hazard, without evidence that the defendant’s actions directly brought about the crash, homicide and assault counts based on that crash cannot be submitted to the jury.

## Conclusion

People v. Flores holds that felony-murder and related homicide or assault charges arising from a police pursuit require legally sufficient proof that the defendant’s conduct caused the fatal or injurious event; because the People offered no evidence linking Flores’s flight to the police car’s collision with an illegally abandoned truck beyond the fact of pursuit, the court dismissed the chase-based counts while allowing the robbery and property counts to proceed.


People v. Flores, 476 N.Y.S.2d 478 (1984)