## Facts

- Mr. Pham, born in Vietnam, was a British citizen by birth.
- The Home Secretary sought to deprive Mr. Pham of his British citizenship based on beliefs that he was involved in terrorism-related activities.
- The deprivation order would render Mr. Pham stateless.
- The statutory authority for deprivation derived from section 40(2) of the British Nationality Act 1981, permitting the Secretary of State to act where it is "conducive to the public good."

## Issues

1. To what extent should courts scrutinize the proportionality of deprivation of citizenship orders under common law and the ECHR?
2. Whether the principle established in Soering v United Kingdom regarding risks of inhuman or degrading treatment applies to deprivation of citizenship resulting in statelessness.
3. How the consequences of statelessness should affect the proportionality assessment in deprivation of citizenship.
4. Whether the common law and Convention rights principles should be integrated in the judicial review of such decisions.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court held that the Secretary of State's power to deprive individuals of citizenship is subject to judicial review and proportionality analysis.
- The Court accepted that the risk of statelessness requires closer scrutiny of whether deprivation is necessary and proportionate to the aim of protecting the public good.
- The proportionality assessment must include the consequences of statelessness, such as the individual's ability to travel, access healthcare, and exercise fundamental rights, even outside the UK.
- The Supreme Court confirmed that common law principles of proportionality are to be interpreted in light of Convention rights protections.
- The Home Secretary is required to justify deprivation by reference to both the legitimate aim pursued and the need for a proportionate response given the consequences for the individual.

## Legal Principles

- Proportionality is central to both common law and Convention law in reviewing deprivation of citizenship.
- Judicial review must require the deprivation order to be rationally connected to a legitimate aim, necessary in a democratic society, and proportionate to the objective pursued.
- The principle from Soering v United Kingdom (that states must avoid exposing individuals to risks contrary to Article 3 ECHR) extends to deprivation of citizenship cases, particularly where statelessness could expose individuals to severe consequences.
- The legal framework now bridges common law standards of fairness with ECHR protections, creating a heightened requirement for justification when fundamental rights, such as the right to private and family life under Article 8 ECHR, are at risk.

## Conclusion

Pham v Secretary of State for the Home Department [2015] UKSC 19 marked a significant shift in the law relating to deprivation of citizenship, establishing a rigorous proportionality standard that accounts for the consequences of statelessness and unifies common law and Convention rights protections, thereby strengthening judicial oversight of executive power in these matters.