## Facts

- Gregory R. Posey leased a new Ford truck through paperwork handled by Ford Motor Credit Company.
- In mid-January 2000, Posey signed an initial written lease calling for a 48-month term, 48 monthly payments (reported as $635.43), and an end-of-term purchase option for a stated price (reported as $9,514.00).
- A Ford representative later told Posey there were errors and that the lease term should have been 36 months rather than 48 months, and asked him to sign a replacement agreement.
- On January 24, 2000, Posey and the dealership signed a second, preprinted lease form. The blank for “lease term in months” was left empty, but the form elsewhere stated 48 monthly payments of $612.72 and included a purchase option price (reported as $10,873.60).
- The space identifying the “holder” of the lease was also left blank when Posey signed the January 24 agreement, and Posey alleged he did not notice that the payment structure again reflected a 48-month term.
- On January 31, 2000, Ford sent Posey a letter stating that the “holder” should be Ford Motor Credit Co. and that a line on the lease “should show a term of 36 months,” adding: “No further action is required from you. Keep this notice as your record of the change(s) made.”
- Posey asserted that dealership statements and the January 31 letter confirmed a 36-month lease, so he made 36 payments and then attempted to exercise the purchase option.
- Ford refused, taking the position that the lease required 48 payments and that Posey could not purchase the truck after only 36 months of payments.
- Posey sued Ford for breach of contract and also asserted claims under the Idaho Consumer Protection Act based on alleged misstatements about the lease term and related rights.
- The district court granted Ford summary judgment, relying in part on the common-law parol evidence rule to exclude Posey’s evidence (including the January 31 letter and alleged oral statements) that the agreement was for 36 months.
- Posey appealed.

## Issues

1. Did the district court err by applying the common-law parol evidence rule rather than the statutory parol evidence rule applicable to the consumer lease when it excluded the January 31 letter and related evidence?
2. If the statutory parol evidence rule applies, did the excluded evidence create a genuine dispute of material fact about whether the parties agreed to a 36-month lease term and when Posey could exercise the purchase option?
3. Was summary judgment also improper on Posey’s consumer-protection claim to the extent it depended on the disputed lease term and the excluded evidence?

## Decision

- The Idaho Court of Appeals vacated the summary judgment entered for Ford and remanded.
- The court held that the district court did not apply the controlling statutory parol evidence rule for the transaction and instead relied on the common-law rule.
- Because the wrong evidentiary standard was used, the summary-judgment ruling had to be reconsidered with the statutory framework in mind, including whether Posey’s proffered evidence (such as the January 31 letter and related communications) could be considered.

## Legal Principles

- In a transaction governed by a statutory parol evidence rule (such as the U.C.C. provisions applicable to leases), that statute controls the admissibility and use of evidence outside the four corners of the writing, not the common-law parol evidence rule.
- Under the statutory approach, a written agreement may be explained or supplemented by evidence such as course of performance, course of dealing, or usage of trade, and may also be supplemented by consistent additional terms unless the writing is found to be a complete and exclusive statement of the parties’ agreement.
- A court’s decision to treat a writing as fully integrated, and to bar extrinsic proof on that basis, must be made under the correct statutory standard when the statute applies.
- Summary judgment is not appropriate where application of the correct statutory parol evidence rule could permit consideration of evidence that bears on the parties’ agreement and that evidence could affect the outcome of the contract and related statutory claims.

## Conclusion

The Idaho Court of Appeals vacated summary judgment for Ford Motor Credit because the district court relied on the common-law parol evidence rule instead of the statutory parol evidence rule governing the consumer truck lease; applying the correct statute required reconsideration of whether Posey’s evidence, including Ford’s January 31 letter and related representations, created triable issues about the lease term and Posey’s ability to exercise the purchase option (and any related consumer-protection theory).


Posey v. Ford Motor Credit Co., 111 P.3d 162 (2005)