## Facts

- California charged Robert Diaz, a nurse, with murdering 12 hospital patients by administering massive doses of lidocaine.
- California law generally provided for open preliminary hearings but allowed closure to protect a defendant’s fair-trial rights.
- Diaz moved to close the preliminary hearing due to extensive pretrial publicity; the magistrate granted the motion.
- The preliminary hearing lasted 41 days and was conducted in camera; Diaz was held to answer on all charges.
- A newspaper publisher, Press-Enterprise Company, sought release of the full hearing transcript; the magistrate denied access based on possible prejudice to Diaz.
- The State and Press-Enterprise jointly moved in Superior Court for release of the transcript; the court denied the motion, finding a reasonable likelihood of prejudice.
- While appellate proceedings were pending, Diaz waived a jury trial and the transcript was released, but state appellate courts still addressed the merits and denied relief.
- The California Supreme Court held there was no general First Amendment right of access to preliminary hearings and approved a closure standard triggered by a defendant’s showing of a “reasonable likelihood of substantial prejudice,” shifting the burden to the press or prosecution.

## Issues

1. Whether the dispute was moot because the transcript was ultimately released.
2. Whether the First Amendment provides a qualified right of public and press access to California preliminary hearings and related transcripts.
3. Whether closure and transcript withholding may rest on a “reasonable likelihood of substantial prejudice” standard with burden shifting to the press or prosecution.

## Decision

- The Supreme Court held the case was not moot because the controversy was capable of repetition yet evading review.
- The Court held that the qualified First Amendment right of access applies to California preliminary hearings and to transcripts when access to the proceeding is restricted.
- The Court rejected California’s “reasonable likelihood” and burden-shifting framework as inconsistent with the First Amendment.
- The Court required trial courts to make specific, on-the-record findings that:
  - there is a substantial probability the defendant’s fair-trial right would be prejudiced by publicity that closure would prevent; and
  - reasonable alternatives to closure cannot adequately protect the fair-trial right.
- The Court reversed and remanded.

## Legal Principles

- A qualified First Amendment right of access extends to criminal proceedings that satisfy the “experience and logic” inquiry: a tradition of openness and a significant positive role for public access in the process.
- The presumption of openness may be overcome only by an overriding interest supported by specific findings; any restriction must be narrowly tailored.
- Closure of a preliminary hearing (and withholding of the transcript) requires a showing of substantial probability of prejudicial publicity and a determination that no reasonable alternatives will adequately protect the defendant’s fair-trial right.
- Transcripts may be constitutionally covered as part of meaningful access, particularly where the proceeding itself was closed.

## Conclusion

The Court recognized a qualified First Amendment right of access to California preliminary hearings and their transcripts and held that closure is permissible only upon specific findings of substantial probability of prejudice and the inadequacy of reasonable alternatives, rejecting a lower “reasonable likelihood” standard and burden shifting to the press.


Press-Enterprise Co. v. Superior Court, 478 U.S. 1 (1986)